Table 1 Comprehensive analysis of microbiomes in gastropods: insights from various snail species, habitat, source, publication year, and research techniques

Biomphalaria glabrata

Freshwater

USA; USA; Brazil; USA; France; China; Brazil

1979; 1981; 2013; 2018; 2019; 2022; 2020

Isolation; isolation; isolation; 16S; 16S; metagenomic; 16S, respectively

[20, 23, 27,28,29,30,31]

Cornu aspersum

Freshwater

France; Bulgaria; USA; Greece; Greece

2006; 2014; 2019; 2020; 2019

Isolation; isolation; 16S; isolation; isolation, respectively

[24, 32,33,34,35]

Helix pomatia

Land

France

2006

Isolation

[24]

Achatina fulica

Land

Brazil; India; Brazil; China; Indonesia

2012; 2015; 2015; 2020; 2022

16S; Isolation; isolation; 16S, 16S, respectively

[13, 36,37,38,39]

Achatinella mustelina

Land

USA

2014

16S

[40]

Potamopyrgus antipodarum

Freshwater

New Zealand; UK

2016; 2021

16S; 16S, respectively

[41, 42]

Turbo cornutus

Seawater

Japan

2016

Isolation

[43]

Rubyspira osteovora

Seawater

USA

2017

16S

[44]

Cone snails

Seawater

USA

2017

16S

[45]

Caracolus marginella

Land

USA

2017

Metagenomic

[46]

Rapana venosa

Seawater

China; China; China; China

2018; 2019; 2020; 2022

16S; 16S; 16S and metabolomic, respectively

[47,48,49,50]

Aplexa cf. marmorata

Freshwater

Brazil

2018

16S

[21]

Geomalacus maculosus

Land

Ireland

2018

16S

[51]

Radix auricularia

Freshwater

China; China

2018; 2020

16S; 16S, respectively

[52, 53]

Haliotis tuberculata

Seawater

France

2018

16S

[54]

Haliotis discus hannai

Seawater

China; China; China

2018; 2018; 2022

16S; 16S, 16S, respectively

[55,56,57]

Haliotis gigantea

Seawater

Japan

2020

16S

[58]

Haliotis fulgens

Seawater

Mexico; Mexico

2018; 2018

16S; 16S, respectively

[59, 60]

Haliotis corrugata

Seawater

Mexico; Mexico

2018; 2018

16S; 16S, respectively

[59, 60]

Batillus cornutus

Seawater

Japan

2019

16S

[61]

Oncomelania hupensis

Freshwater

China

2020

16S

[62]

Pomacea canaliculata

Freshwater

China; China; China; China; China

2019; 2021; 2022; 2022; 2022

16S; 16S; 16S; 16S; 16S, respectively

[12, 63,64,65,66]

Pomacea maculata

Freshwater

China

2022

16S

[67]

Theodoxus fluviatilis

Freshwater

Germany

2020

16S

[68]

Phyllocaulis soleiformis

Land

Brazil

2020

16S

[31]

Littorina spp.

Seawater

Russian

2021

16S

[69]

Planorbella trivolvis

Freshwater

China; China

2021; 2020

16S; 16S, respectively

[22, 53]

Oreohelix strigosa

Land

USA; USA

2021; 2022

16S; 16S, respectively

[70, 71]

Cipangopaludina chinensis

Freshwater

China; China

2022; 2022

16S; 16S, respectively

[12, 72]

Bradybaena ravida

Land

China

2022

16S

[73]

Bellamya aeruginosa

Freshwater

China

2022

16S

[74]

Ampullaceana balthica

Freshwater

Estonia; Estonia

2022;2022

16S; 16S, respectively

[75, 76]

Cipangopaludina cathayensis

Freshwater

China

2022

16S

[77]

Arion ater

Land

UK; UK

2017; 2022

Metagenomic; metagenomic, respectively

[78, 79]

Alviniconcha marisindica

Seawater

China

2022

Metagenomic

[80]

Trochus niloticus

Seawater

China

2022

16S

[81]

Indoplanorbis exustus

Freshwater

India

2022

Isolation

[82]

Juturnia kosteri

Freshwater

USA

2022

16S

[83]

Pyrgulopsis roswellensis

Freshwater

USA

2022

16S

Ambigolimax valentianus

Land

USA

2021

16S

[84]

Alycaeus jagori

land

Germany

2021

16S

[85]

Georissa similis

Plectostoma concinnum

Diplommatina calvula

Kaliella accepta

Haliotis sorenseni

Seawater

USA

2020

16S

[86]

Lymnaea stagnalis

Freshwater

UK

2020

16S

[87]

Chlorostoma funebralis

Seawater

USA

2019

16S

[88]

Littorina keenae

Lottia gigantea

Benedictia baicalensis

Freshwater

Russia

2018

16S

[89]

Biomphalaria pfeifferi

Freshwater

USA

2012

16S

[90]

Bulinus africanus

Helisoma duryi

Cellana toreuma

Seawater

Republic of Korea

2022

Isolation

[91]