Table 2 Univariate analysis of risk factors for pneumococcal carriage
Epidemiologic factors | Pneumococcus-positivea, n (%) | Pneumococcus-negativeb, n (%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||
 Male gender | 379 (53.4) | 880 (54.2) | 0.718 |
 Age, median (IQR) | 38 (20–50) | 26 (13–44) | < 0.001 |
  < 12 months | 94 (13.2) | 349 (21.5) |  |
  12–23 months | 117 (16.5) | 350 (21.6) |  |
  24–35 months | 112 (15.8) | 343 (21.1) |  |
  36–47 months | 184 (25.9) | 276 (17.0) |  |
  ≥ 48 months | 203 (28.6) | 305 (18.8) |  |
 Gestational age | 0.238 | ||
  Premature | 33 (4.7) | 96 (5.9) |  |
  Postmature | 677 (95.3) | 1527 (94.1) |  |
 Birth weight | 0.943 | ||
  < 2.5 kg | 50 (7.0) | 108 (6.6) |  |
  2.5 kg– < 4 kg | 643 (90.6) | 1476 (91.0) |  |
  ≥ 4 kg | 17 (2.4) | 39 (2.4) |  |
 Maternal age at delivery | 0.088 | ||
  < 35 years | 618 (87.0) | 1368 (84.3) |  |
  ≥ 35 years | 92 (13.0) | 255 (15.71) |  |
 Household registration | 0.549 | ||
  Local | 612 (86.2) | 1415 (87.2) |  |
  Non-local | 98 (13.8) | 208 (12.8) |  |
 Breastfeeding (age ≤ 24 months) | 0.322 | ||
  Never breastfed | 32 (14.0) | 117 (15.7) |  |
  Weaned | 146 (64.1) | 437 (58.5) |  |
  Still breastfed | 50 (21.9) | 193 (24.8) |  |
 Daycare attendance | < 0.001 | ||
  No | 345 (48.6) | 1135 (69.9) |  |
  Yes | 365 (51.4) | 488 (30.1) |  |
 Presence of siblings | < 0.001 | ||
  No | 202 (28.5) | 623 (38.4) |  |
  Yes | 508 (71.5) | 1000 (61.6) |  |
Household characteristics | |||
 Household tobacco exposure | 0.961 | ||
  No | 208 (29.3) | 479 (29.5) |  |
  Yes | 502 (70.9) | 1144 (70.5) |  |
 Average living space | 0.085 | ||
  < 10 m2 | 41 (5.8) | 62 (3.8) |  |
  10–20 m2 | 302 (42.5) | 729 (44.9) |  |
  > 20 m2 | 367 (51.7) | 832 (51.3) |  |
 Residential area | < 0.001 | ||
  Urban area | 202 (28.5) | 685 (42.2) |  |
  Rural area | 508 (71.5) | 938 (57.8) |  |
Socioeconomic status | |||
 Educational level of mother | < 0.001 | ||
  Elementary/Junior high school | 349 (49.2) | 677 (41.7) |  |
  Senior high/Technical secondary school | 192 (27.0) | 371 (22.9) |  |
  Junior college/Bachelor/Master | 169 (23.8) | 575 (35.4) |  |
 Educational level of father | < 0.001 | ||
  Elementary/Junior high school | 328 (46.2) | 621 (38.3) |  |
  Senior high/Technical secondary school | 191 (26.9) | 434 (26.7) |  |
  Junior college/Bachelor/Master | 191 (26.9) | 568 (35.0) |  |
 Per capita monthly disposable income | < 0.001 | ||
  < 3000 CNY (415 USD) | 288 (40.6) | 572 (35.2) |  |
  3000–5999 CNY (415–831 USD) | 289 (40.7) | 604 (37.2) |  |
  ≥ 6000 CNY (831 USD) | 133 (18.7) | 447 (27.6) |  |
Vaccination history | |||
 PCV13 | < 0.001 | ||
  0 dose | 652 (91.8) | 1354 (83.4) |  |
  1–2 doses | 28 (4.00) | 167 (10.3) |  |
  ≥ 3 doses | 30 (4.2) | 102 (6.3) |  |
 Hib vaccinesc | 0.155 | ||
  Yes | 483 (68.0) | 1054 (64.9) |  |
  No | 227 (32.0) | 569 (35.1) |  |
 Influenza vaccines | 0.503 | ||
  Yes | 572 (80.6) | 1286 (79.2) |  |
  No | 138 (19.4) | 337 (20.8) |  |
Antimicrobial use | |||
 Antibiotics within 10 days prior to sampling | 0.123 | ||
  Yes | 681 (95.9) | 1578 (97.2) |  |
  No | 29 (4.1) | 45 (2.8) |  |