Table 4 Catastrophic cost incurrence and associations with participant characteristics
|  | Catastrophic cost incurrence nC/nT†(%‡) | Crude OR¶ [95% CI] | P-value¥ | Adjusted OR§ [95% CI] | P-value¥ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohort | |||||
 NTP | 33/60 (55) | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
 Private | 26/50 (52) | 0.89 [0.42–1.88] | 0.753 | 1.26 [0.42–3.77] | 0.675 |
Demographic factors | |||||
 Gender | |||||
  Male | 43/79 (54) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Female | 16/31 (52) | 0.89 [0.39–2.05] | 0.790 | 0.78 [0.20–3.01] | 0.723 |
 Age, years | |||||
  Median age (IQR) | 47 (40–59) | 1.03 [1.00–105] | 0.031 | 0.99 [0.94–1.03] | 0.548 |
Socioeconomic factors | |||||
 Single-person household | |||||
  No | 53/102 (52) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 6/8 (75) | 2.77 [0.53–14.40] | 0.225 | 13.71 [1.36–138.14] | 0.026 |
 Completed secondary education | |||||
  No | 33/54 (61) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 26/56 (46) | 0.55 [0.26–1.18] | 0.124 | 1.88 [0.52–6.86] | 0.337 |
 Employment pre-TB | |||||
  Unemployed | 10/14 (71) | Ref. |  | Ref. |  |
  Formal paid work | 8/27 (30) | 0.17 [0.04–0.70] | 0.014 | 0.34 [0.04–2.64] | 0.303 |
  Informal paid work | 22/36 (61) | 0.63 [0.16–2.40] | 0.497 | 2.98 [0.45–19.66] | 0.257 |
  Retired | 6/10 (60) | 0.60 [0.11–3.34] | 0.560 | 4.85 [0.33–70.55] | 0.248 |
  Student | 0/4 (0) | 1.00 | N.A | 1.00 | N.A |
  Housework | 1/3 (33) | 0.20 [0.01–2.88] | 0.237 | 0.70 [0.02–21.35] | 0.248 |
  Other | 12/16 (75) | 1.20 [0.24–6.06] | 0.825 | 6.9 [0.60–80.30] | 0.121 |
 Unemployed during treatment | |||||
  No | 24/65 (37) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 35/45 (78) | 5.98 [2.52–14.20] | < 0.001 | 10.86 [2.64–44.61] | < 0.001 |
 Household’s primary source of income pre-TB | |||||
  No | 32/62 (52) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 27/48 (56) | 1.21 [0.57–2.57] | 0.629 | 1.47 [0.46–4.66] | 0.515 |
 Health insurance | |||||
  No | 7/16 (44) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 52/94 (55) | 1.49 [0.55–4.63] | 0.394 | 4.15 [0.63–27.38] | 0.139 |
 Experienced stigma | |||||
  No | 47/96 (50) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 12/14 (86) | 6.26 [1.33–29.46] | 0.02 | 37.9 [1.72–831.73] | 0.021 |
Clinical factors | |||||
 Previous TB episodes | |||||
  No | 55/103 (53) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 4/7 (57) | 1.16 [0.25–5.46] | 0.848 | 1.94 [0.22–16.92] | 0.548 |
 Bacteriologically confirmed | |||||
  No | 17/33 (52) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 42/77 (55) | 1.13 [0.50–2.56] | 0.770 | 1.61 [0.49–5.32] | 0.433 |
 Presence of co-morbidity | |||||
  No | 17/25 (68) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 42/85 (49) | 0.46 [0.18–1.18] | 0.106 | 0.43 [0.11–1.63] | 0.216 |
Behavioral factors | |||||
 Daily alcohol consumption | |||||
  No | 54/104 (52) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 5/6 (83) | 4.63 [0.52–41.01] | 0.170 | 3.41 [0.24–47.56] | 0.361 |
 Daily smoking | |||||
  No | 49/91 (54) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 10/19 (53) | 0.95 [0.35–2.56] | 0.923 | 0.25 [0.04–1.46] | 0.124 |
Health-seeking factors | |||||
 Treatment delay | |||||
  No | 15/28 (54) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 44/82 (54) | 1.00 [0.42–2.37] | 0.994 | 1.22 [0.32–4.63] | 0.767 |
 Hospitalization | |||||
  No | 42/83 (51) | Ref. | – | Ref. | – |
  Yes | 17/27 (63) | 1.66 [0.68–4.05] | 0.266 | 2.64 [0.60–8.50] | 0.226 |