Risk factors | Number of studies which found the factor being significant by single factor analysis and references | References and locations of studies | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Echinococcosis | CE | AE | ||
Demographics | ||||
Increasing age | 7(7,11,12*, 27,30,38, 39) | 8(12,15, 16*,18,23,25,26*,31) | 8(12, 16*,20,21,23,25, 26*,36*) | 7(Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet), 11(Qinghai), 12(Qinghai), 15(Tibet), 16(Sichuan), 18(Qinghai), 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu), 23(Qinghai), 25(Qinghai), 26(Sichuan), 27(Sichuan), 30(Qinghai), 31(Gansu), 36(Sichuan), 38(Qinghai), 39(Sichuan) |
Female | 9(7,11,12*,22,27,28,30,38,39) | 1(23) | 6 (16,20,21,23,25,36*) | 7(Sichuan, Yunnan, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Tibet), 11(Qinghai), 12(Qinghai), 16(Sichuan), 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu), 22(Yunnan), 23(Qinghai), 25(Qinghai), 27(Sichuan), 28(Qinghai), 30(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan), 38(Qinghai), 39(Sichuan) |
Herding population | 7(12*,19,25,27,30,32,38) | 3 (15,16,23) | 1(36) | 12(Qinghai), 15(Tibet), 16(Sichuan), 19(Gansu), 25(Qinghai), 23(Qinghai), 27(Sichuan), 30(Qinghai), 32(Tibet), 36(Sichuan), 38(Qinghai) |
Tibetan population | 2(12,28) | 1(36) | 12(Qinghai), 28(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan) | |
Farming population | 1(32) | 2(20, 21) | 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu), 32(Tibet) | |
Lama | 1(28) | 28(Qinghai) | ||
Nomadic | 1(12*) | 1(23) | 1(16) | 12(Qinghai), 16(Sichuan), 23(Qinghai) |
Lower income | 1(12) | 1(36) | 12(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan) | |
Limited school education | 2(12,27) | 1(23) | 1(36) | 12(Qinghai), 27(Sichuan), 23(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan) |
Animal ownership | ||||
Livestock ownership | 1(12*) | 1(16*) | 2(16*, 36) | 12(Qinghai), 16(Sichuan), 36(Sichuan) |
Dog ownership | 1(23) | 1(23) | 23(Qinghai) | |
Total number of owned dogs | 1(10) | 10(Gansu) | ||
Keeping two or more dogs | 2(20,21) | 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu) | ||
Longer period of dog ownership | 1(31) | 31(Gansu) | ||
Stray dogs present | 1(23) | 23(Qinghai) | ||
People’s behaviors related to dogs | ||||
Playing with dogs | 1(16*) | 4 (16*, 20, 21, 36*) | 16(Sichuan), 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu), 36(Sichuan) | |
Leaving dogs untied | 2(20,21) | 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu) | ||
Allowing dogs to sleep indoors at night | 1(12*) | 12(Qinghai) | ||
Feeding dogs with viscera | 1(12) | 1(23) | 12(Qinghai), 23(Qinghai) | |
Using dog feces as fertilizer | 2(20, 21) | 20(Gansu), 21(Gansu) | ||
Fox skin products ownership | 1(36*) | 36(Sichuan) | ||
Hygiene-related behaviors | ||||
Ground water as a drinking water source | 1(12) | 2(23, 31) | 2(16, 36*) | 12(Qinghai), 16(Sichuan), 23(Qinghai), 31(Gansu), 36(Sichuan) |
Never boiling water before consumption | 1(12) | 12(Qinghai) | ||
Not washing hands before eating | 2(23, 36) | 23(Qinghai), 36(Sichuan) | ||
Not protecting food from flies | 1(16) | 2(16, 36*) | 16(Sichuan), 36(Sichuan) | |
Ecological factors | ||||
Density indices of voles | 4(10,13,17,35) | 10(Gansu), 13(Sichuan), 17(Gansu), 35(Sichuan) | ||
Deforestation | 2(10,17) | 10(Gansu), 17(Gansu) | ||
Overgrazing | 4(13,26*, 35,37) | 13(Sichuan), 26(Sichuan), 35(Sichuan), 37 (Sichuan, Qinghai) |