Epidemiology of pediatric schistosomiasis in hard-to-reach areas and populations: a scoping review

Isaiah, Phyllis Munyiva; Sólveig Palmeirim, Marta; Steinmann, Peter

doi:10.1186/s40249-023-01088-x

Infectious Diseases of Poverty

Table 1 Characteristics of articles included and analysed in this scoping review

From: Epidemiology of pediatric schistosomiasis in hard-to-reach areas and populations: a scoping review

	Author name and year	Study country	Study population age	Sample size	Study population sex	Schistosomiasis positive cases	Schistosomiasis prevalence	Mean eggs per gram of stool (epg) or ml urine	Infection intensity classification	Schistosome species	Diagnostic approach	Type of hard-to-reach population/area	Sampling strategy
1	Sassa et al., 2020	Kenya	6–23 months	n = 305	Male, n = 156	n = 287	Kato-Katz, 3.6%	Not specified	Light infections, n = 8	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Island fishing communities	Convenience sampling
					Female, n = 149		POC-CCA, 90.5%		Moderate infections, n = 1		POC-CCA		Simple random sampling
					Female, n = 149		POC-CCA, 90.5%		Heavy infections, n = 1		POC-CCA		Simple random sampling
2	N'Diaye et al., 2016	Senegal	0–5 years	2008, n = 82	Not specified	2008, n = 64	2008, 78.0%	Not specified	Not specified	S. mansoni	Two direct microscopic examinations	Living in remote physical and geographical locations	Random sampling
				2009, n = 61		2009, n = 42	2009, 59.0%			S. haematobium	Simple microscopy
				2011, n = 38		2011, n = 18	2011, 47.4%
				2013, n = 88		2013, n = 16	2013, 18.2%
				2014, n = 83		2014, n = 8	2014, 9.6%
				2015, n = 108		2015, n = 14	2015, 12.9%
3	Mafiana et al., 2003	Nigeria	< 5 years	n = 209	Male, n = 123	n = 150	71.8%	2.5 eggs/ml urine	Light infections, 62.7%	S. haematobium	Sedimentation of urine by gravity	Island fishing communities	All children below 5 years in the study area
3	Mafiana et al., 2003	Nigeria	< 5 years	n = 209	Female, n = 86	n = 150	71.8%	2.5 eggs/ml urine	Heavy infections, 9.6% Visible haematuria, 17.7%	S. haematobium	Sedimentation of urine by gravity	Island fishing communities	All children below 5 years in the study area
4	Kabatereine et al., 2004	Uganda	0–4 years	Not specified	Not specified	Not specified	Approximately, 40%	250 epg	Not specified	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Island fishing communities	Total population
5	Hodges et al., 2012	Sierra Leone	4–5 years	n = 421	Male, n = 189	Not specified	Overall, 11.2%	Overall, 33.5 epg	Moderate or heavy infections, 8.1%	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Living in remote physical and geographical locations	Random sampling
5	Hodges et al., 2012	Sierra Leone	4–5 years	n = 421	Female, n = 232	Not specified	Highest prevalence, 35.4%	Overall, 33.5 epg	Moderate or heavy infections, 8.1%	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Living in remote physical and geographical locations	Random sampling
6	Davis et al., 2015	Kenya	< 7 years	n = 201	Male, n = 95	n = 159	80.3%	Not specified	Light infections, 20.7%	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Island fishing communities	Convenience sampling
					Female, n = 106				Moderate infections, 14.1%		ELISA
					Female, n = 106				Heavy infections, 10.1%		ELISA
7	Akosah-Brempong et al., 2021	Ghana	< 6 years	n = 86	Not specified	S. mansoni, n = 11	S. mansoni, 12.9%	Not specified	Light infections, 89%	S. mansoni	Formol-ether concentration technique	Island fishing communities	All eligible children under 15 years
7	Akosah-Brempong et al., 2021	Ghana	< 6 years	n = 86	Not specified	S. haematobium, n = 0	S. mansoni, 12.9%	Not specified	Light infections, 89%	S. haematobium	Formol-ether concentration technique	Island fishing communities	All eligible children under 15 years
8	Sheehy et al., 2021	Madagascar	2–4 years	n = 89	Male, n = 45	Kato-Katz, 28/80	Kato-Katz, 35.0%	Kato-Katz, 74.6 epg	Light infections, 78.6%	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Living in remote physical and geographical locations	Convenience sampling
					Female, n = 44	POC-CCA, 56/86	POC-CCA, 67.4%		Moderate infections, 17.9%		Microscopy
					Female, n = 44	POC-CCA, 56/86	POC-CCA, 67.4%		Heavy infections, 3.6%		Circulating cathodic antigen dipstick
9	Ruganuza et al., 2015	Tanzania	1–6 years	n = 400	Male, n = 203	Kato-Katz, 170/383	Kato-Katz, 44.4%	110.6 epg	Moderate infections, 38.2%	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Island fishing communities	Systematic sampling
					Female, n = 197	POC-CCA, 309/386	POC-CCA (trace positive), 80.1%		Heavy infections, 14.7%		POC-CCA
					Female, n = 197	POC-CCA, 177/386	POC-CCA (trace negative), 45.9%		Heavy infections, 14.7%		POC-CCA
10	Green et al., 2011	Uganda	< 6 years	Lake Albert, n = 573	Not specified	Lake Albert, 208/453	Lake Albert, 45.9%	Lake Albert, 230.8 epg	Lake Albert, (> 400 epg, 25/453)	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Island fishing communities	Not specified
10	Green et al., 2011	Uganda	< 6 years	Lake Victoria, n = 455	Not specified	Lake Victoria, 168/413	Lake Victoria, 40.7%	Lake Victoria, 477.7 epg	Lake Victoria, (> 400 epg, 48/413)	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Island fishing communities	Not specified
11	Nalugwa et al., 2017	Uganda	1–5 years	n = 916	Male, n = 461	n = 686	74.9%	294.2 epg	Light infections, n = 57.9%	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Island fishing communities	All eligible PSAC in the study area
					Female, n = 455				Moderate infections, n = 22.7%
					Female, n = 455				Heavy infections, n = 19.4%
12	Nalugwa et al., 2015	Uganda	1–5 years	n = 3058	Male, n = 1545	n = 1203	39.3%	273 epg	Light infections, n = 61.0%	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Island fishing communities	All eligible PSAC in the study area
					Female, n = 1513				Moderate infections, n = 21.8%
					Female, n = 1513				Heavy infections, n = 17.5%
13	Mueller et al., 2019	Tanzania	1–5 years	n = 71	Male, n = 29	n = 39	Kato, Katz, 54.9%	91.9 epg	Not specified	S. mansoni	Kato-Katz	Island fishing communities	Total population
13	Mueller et al., 2019	Tanzania	1–5 years	n = 71	Female, n = 45	n = 39	POC-CCA, 95.8%	91.9 epg	Not specified	S. mansoni	POC-CCA	Island fishing communities	Total population

For S. mansoni, light infections: 1–99 epg, moderate infections: 100–399 epg, heavy infections: ≥ 400 epg
For S. haematobium, light infections: < 50 eggs per 10 ml of urine, heavy infections: ≥ 50 eggs per 10 ml of urine
POC-CCA point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen test, ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PSAC pre-school aged children

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ISSN: 2049-9957

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