Quality of life of COVID-19 recovered patients: a 1-year follow-up study from Bangladesh

Hawlader, Mohammad Delwer Hossain; Rashid, Md Utba; Khan, Md Abdullah Saeed; Liza, Mowshomi Mannan; Akter, Sharmin; Hossain, Mohammad Ali; Rahman, Tajrin; Barsha, Sabrina Yesmin; Shifat, Alberi Afifa; Hossian, Mosharop; Mishu, Tahmina Zerin; Sagar, Soumik Kha; Manna, Ridwana Maher; Ahmed, Nawshin; Debu, Sree Shib Shankar Devnath; Chowdhury, Irin; Sabed, Samanta; Ahmed, Mashrur; Borsha, Sabrina Afroz; Al Zafar, Faraz; Hyder, Sabiha; Enam, Abdullah; Babul, Habiba; Nur, Naima; Haque, Miah Md. Akiful; Roy, Shopnil; Tanvir Hassan, K. M.; Rahman, Mohammad Lutfor; Nabi, Mohammad Hayatun; Dalal, Koustuv

doi:10.1186/s40249-023-01125-9

Infectious Diseases of Poverty

Table 2 Comparison of quality of life between baseline and follow-up interviews

From: Quality of life of COVID-19 recovered patients: a 1-year follow-up study from Bangladesh

Variable		Physical			Psychological			Social			Environmental
		1st visit	2nd visit	P	1st visit	2nd visit	P	1st visit	2nd visit	P	1st visit	2nd visit	P
		Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	P	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	P	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	P	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	P
Overall domain score		69.2 (14.2)	66.7 (14.5)	< 0.001	64.3 (15.3)	65.1 (14.0)	0.02	61.5 (19.4)	65.8 (17.5)	< 0.001	62.9 (12.8)	65.9 (11.5)	< 0.001
Age	< 26	71.7 (14.2)	71.9 (14.1)	0.80	66.1 (15.6)	69.6 (13.9)	0.001	44.2 (18.1)	53.4 (17.5)	< 0.001	63.1 (13.6)	66.4 (11.0)	< 0.001
	26–35	70.5 (14.0)	69.5(13.6)^a	0.07	65.9 (14.9)	67.1 (13.5)^a	0.04	61.5 (20.0)^a	68.6 (17.7)^a	< 0.001	63.1 (12.8)	66.3 (11.4)	< 0.001
	36–45	70.6(13.4)	65.5 (14.7)^ab	< 0.001	64.4 (15.1)	64.0 (14.5)^ab	0.59	68.8 (15.9)^ab	69.3 (15.3)^a	0.54	63.4 (12.1)	65.9 (12.4)	< 0.001
	≥ 46	64.2 (14.0)^abc	60.8 (13.9)^abc	< 0.001	60.6 (15.4)^abc	60.8 (13.3)^abc	0.80	63.5 (16.6)^ac	64.3 (16.2)^abc	0.33	62.1 (13.0)	64.9 (10.9)	< 0.001
	P-value	< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001		0.38	0.15
Gender	Male	69.7 (14.3)	67.5 (14.4)	< 0.001	65.2 (15.4)	66.0 (13.9)	0.06	60.9 (19.3)	66.0 (17.4)	< 0.001	62.9 (12.8)	65.9 (11.3)	< 0.001
	Female	68.0 (13.9)	64.8 (14.7)	< 0.001	62.1 (15.1)	62.9 (14.2)	0.18	62.8 (19.7)	65.1 (17.7)	0.01	62.8 (12.7)	65.8 (11.9)	< 0.001
	P-value	0.01	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001		0.02	0.26		0.79	0.84
Residence	Rural	71.5 (13.5)	67.5 (15.7)	< 0.001	66.9 (13.4)	62.8 (15.6)	< 0.001	61.5 (17.6)	64.5 (16.9)	0.01	61.9 (12.6)	63.2 (10.9)	0.17
	Urban/semi-urban	68.8 (14.3)	66.6 (14.4)	< 0.001	63.9 (15.6)	65.5 (13.8)	< 0.001	61.5 (19.7)	65.9 (17.6)	< 0.001	63.1 (12.8)	66.3 (11.5)	< 0.001
	P-value	0.002	0.28		0.001	0.002		0.99	0.16		0.12	< 0.001
Education	No or primary education	67.5 (14.9)	65.7 (16.2)	0.19	61.6 (15.4)	59.5 (13.6)	0.08	60.4 (17.6)	60.8 (17.3)	0.78	62.0 (14.9)	61.8 (11.6)	0.88
	Up to HSC	68.6 (14.2)	66.3 (14.7)	< 0.001	63.8 (15.0)	64.5 (14.6)^a	0.28	58.5 (19.7)	63.5 (17.3)	< 0.001	61.9 (12.22)	64.7 (10.9)^a	< 0.001
	Graduate/above	69.8 (14.0)	67.1 (14.1)	< 0.001	65.0 (15.5)^a	66.5 (13.5)^ab	0.002	63.7 (19.1)^b	68.1 (17.3)^ab	< 0.001	63.8 (12.7)^b	67.3 (11.6)^ab	< 0.001
	P-value	0.02	0.24		0.01	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001		0.002	< 0.001
Employment status	Unemployed	65.7 (14.9)	64.6 (16.5)	0.62	60.8 (15.0)	61.9 (14.2)	0.59	57.9 (19.5)	59.8 (19.4)	0.44	62.7 (12.2)	64.7 (10.6)	0.29
	Employed	69.3 (14.1)	66.8 (14.5)	< 0.001	64.4 (15.3)	65.2 (14.0)	0.02	61.7 (19.4)	65.9 (17.4)	< 0.001	62.9 (12.8)	65.9 (11.5)	< 0.001
	P-value	0.02	0.18		0.03	0.03		0.08	0.001		0.87	0.33
Monthly family income (BDT)	≤ 20 000	67.3 (14.8)	65.9 (14.6)	0.06	61.4 (15.5)	64.6 (13.7)	< 0.001	55.9 (21.0)	64.2 (17.4)	< 0.001	61.9 (14.9)	63.9 (10.2)	0.01
	20 001–40 000	69.4 (13.7)^a	67.7 (14.6)	0.004	65.0 (14.2)^a	65.7 (13.9)	0.20	61.9 (18.0)^a	66.0 (17.4)	< 0.001	61.6 (12.0)	65.6 (11.4)^a	< 0.001
	40 001–60 000	70.3 (14.0)^a	67.5 (14.5)	< 0.001	66.7 (16.0)^a	66.0 (14.1)	0.44	62.6 (19.1)^a	66.6 (17.7)	< 0.001	64.6 (12.1)^b	67.6 (11.6)^ab	< 0.001
	> 60 000	70.2 (14.4)^a	64.1 (13.9)^bc	< 0.001	63.8 (16.5)^c	63.1 (14.7)^bc	0.46	67.9 (18.4)^abc	66.5 (17.6)	0.23	66.1 (11.1)^ab	67.7 (13.0)^ab	0.07
	P-value	0.002	< 0.001		< 0.001	0.01		< 0.001	0.08		< 0.001	< 0.001
Marital status	Single	70.9 (14.9)	70.2 (15.0)	0.33	65. (15.9)	67.7 (14.6)	0.02	38.3 (12.9)	51.4 (18.7)	< 0.001	63.3 (13.1)	66.8 (11.6)	< 0.001
	Married	68.7 (13.9)	65.8 (14.3)	< 0.001	63.9 (15.1)	64.5 (13.8)	0.15	67.4 (16.1)	69.4 (15.1)	< 0.001	62.8 (12.7)	65.6 (11.5)	< 0.001
	P-value	0.002	< 0.001		0.01	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001		0.45	0.04
Healthcare workers	No	69.2 (14.4)	66.3 (14.5)	< 0.001	64.5 (15.5)	64.5 (14.1)	0.95	61.5 (19.2)	65.2 (17.4)	< 0.001	63.0 (13.0)	65.5 (11.5)	< 0.001
	Yes	68.9 (13.3)	68.5 (14.5)	0.65	62.5 (14.0)	68.3 (13.3)	< 0.001	61.7 (20.4)	68.9 (17.5)	< 0.001	62.5 (11.6)	67.7 (11.6)	< 0.001
	P-value	0.75	0.01		0.02	< 0.001		0.884	< 0.001		0.51	< 0.001
Hospital admission	No	70.8 (14.0)	68.3(14.0)	< 0.001	66.1 (14.8)	66.2 (13.9)	0.93	62.9 (19.5)	66.5 (17.5)	< 0.001	62.8 (12.2)	66.3 (11.5)	< 0.001
	Yes	65.7 (13.9)	63.2 (15.0)	< 0.001	60.3 (15.7)	62.9 (14.0)	< 0.001	68.5 (18.8)	64.3 (17.3)	< 0.001	63.1 (13.9)	65.0 (11.5)	0.003
	P-value	< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	< 0.001		< 0.001	0.003		0.60	0.01
Smoking status	No	69.1 (14.)	66.5 (14.3)	< 0.001	64.2 (14.8)	64.9 (13.9)	0.11	62.2 (19.5)	65.7 (17.6)	< 0.001	62.8 (12.6)	65.9 (11.2)	< 0.001
	Yes	68.32 (14.4)	66.5 (14.8)	0.02	61.9 (15.9)^a	65.3 (13.6)	< 0.001	58.7 (19.4)^a	64.9 (17.4)	< 0.001	62.2 (13.6)	65.5 (11.9)	< 0.001
	Past smoker	71.0 (14.4)^b	68.1 (15.4)	0.01	68.8 (16.1)^ab	65.9 (15.4)	0.02	63.1 (18.2)^b	67.7 (16.8)	< 0.001	64.9 (12.5)^ab	66.0 (12.4)	0.26
	P-value	0.03	0.23		< 0.001	0.48		< 0.001	0.08		0.01	0.73

Scores were expressed as mean ± SD
SD Standard deviation, BDT Bangladesh Taka, HCW Healthcare worker
P value was determined using one-way ANOVA with post-hoc analysis by Duncan multiple range test
^a⁻^cScores with different superscript letters have a statistically significant difference across categories of the variable within a domain, e.g., values with a superscript ‘a’ is significantly different from values with other superscript(s)

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