Table 2 Crude and adjusted odds ratios for factors associated with malaria infection in travellers to mainland Tanzania (N = 378)
From: Risk of imported malaria infections in Zanzibar: a cross-sectional study
qPCR results | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis** | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Negative n (%) | Positive n (%) | OR | 95% CI | P-value | Adjusted OR | 95% CI | P-value | |
Sex | ||||||||
Males | 126 (71) | 51 (29) | Ref | 0.85 | Ref | 0.57 | ||
Females | 144 (72) | 57 (28) | 1.0 | 0.6–1.8 | 0.8 | 0.4–1.7 | ||
Age groups (years) | ||||||||
Less than 5 | 15 (71) | 6 (29) | 0.9 | 0.3–2.9 | 0.36 | 0.7 | 0.2–2.8 | 0.75 |
5–19 | 81 (78) | 23 (22) | 0.6 | 0.3–1.1 | 0.5 | 0.2–1.2 | ||
20–25 | 38 (68) | 18 (32) | 1.0 | 0.5–2.2 | 0.7 | 0.3–2.0 | ||
26+ | 136 (69) | 61 (31) | Ref | Ref | ||||
Households types | ||||||||
Other households members | 115 (93) | 9 (7) | Ref | < 0.001 | ||||
Index households members | 156 (61) | 99 (39) | 14 | 5.4–41.3 | ||||
Districts of residence | ||||||||
Pemba | 51 (74) | 18 (26) | 0.9 | 0.4–2.1 | 0.78 | Ref | 0.89 | |
Unguja | 219 (71) | 90 (29) | Ref | 1.1 | 0.3–3.6 | |||
Occupation | ||||||||
Entrepreneur | 60 (58) | 43 (42) | Ref | < 0.001 | ||||
Not employed | 95 (71) | 38 (29) | 0.5 | 0.3–1.0 | ||||
Wage Job | 28 (70) | 12 (30) | 0.6 | 0.2–1.4 | ||||
Student | 87 (85) | 15 (15) | 0.2 | 0.1–0.5 | ||||
Wealth quintile | ||||||||
Lowest | 32 (71) | 13 (29) | 1.8 | 0.5–6.2 | 0.15 | 1.2 | 0.3–5.8 | 0.28 |
2nd | 47 (72) | 18 (28) | 1.7 | 0.6–5.4 | 1.6 | 0.4–7.1 | ||
Middle | 61 (62) | 38 (38) | 3.5 | 1.2–9.6 | 2.6 | 0.7–9.7 | ||
4th | 60 (76) | 19 (24) | 1.2 | 0.4–3.7 | 0.9 | 0.2–3.5 | ||
Highest | 70 (78) | 20 (22) | Ref | Ref | ||||
Highest endemicity district visited | ||||||||
High | 158 (66) | 83 (34) | 5.4 | 2.0–14.2 | 0.002 | 7.0 | 1.9–25.5 | 0.004 |
Moderate | 34 (76) | 11 (24) | 2.0 | 0.6–7.1 | 1.7 | 0.3–8.5 | ||
Low or very low | 78 (85) | 14 (15) | Ref | Ref | ||||
Travel nights by endemicity | ||||||||
High endemicity districts | ||||||||
Did not visit | 113 (82) | 25 (18) | Ref | 0.002 | ||||
1–7 days | 32 (65) | 17 (35) | 4.7 | 1.5–14.6 | ||||
8–14 days | 62 (76) | 20 (24) | 1.9 | 0.7–5.2 | ||||
15 –30 days | 27 (71) | 11 (29) | 2.6 | 0.7–9.1 | ||||
More than a month | 37 (51) | 35 (49) | 8.6 | 3.0–25.1 | ||||
High and moderate endemicity districts | ||||||||
Did not visit | 78 (85) | 14 (15) | Ref | 0.008 | ||||
1–7 days | 44 (69) | 20 (31) | 4.2 | 1.4–13.1 | ||||
8–14 days | 60 (72) | 23 (28) | 3.0 | 1.0–8.8 | ||||
15–30 days | 36 (73) | 13 (27) | 2.7 | 0.8–9.0 | ||||
More than a month | 52 (58) | 38 (42) | 8.1 | 2.6–24.7 | ||||
Low endemicity councils of Dar es Salaam region only** | ||||||||
Did not visit | 203 (75) | 99 (92) | Ref | 0.001 | ||||
1–7 days | 48 (18) | 5 (5) | 0.2 | 0.1–0.6 | ||||
8–14 days | 6 (2) | 1 (1) | 0.3 | 0–2.9 | ||||
15–30 days | 14 (5) | 3 (3) | 0.4 | 0.1–1.6 | ||||
Malaria protective measures during travel | ||||||||
Bed net use | ||||||||
Never used | 48 (56) | 37 (44) | 0.7 | 0.3–1.6 | < 0.001 | 0.7 | 0.2–1.8 | < 0.001 |
Used sometimes | 13 (52) | 12 (48) | 1.6 | 0.4–6.7 | 1.9 | 0.4–10.0 | ||
Always used | 46 (48) | 49 (52) | Ref | Ref | ||||
Missing | 163 (94) | 10 (6) | 0 | 0–0.1 | 0 | 0.0–0.1 | ||
Burn coils | ||||||||
Never used | 95 (52) | 87 (48) | 1.4 | 0.3–6.7 | < 0.001 | |||
Used sometimes | 3 (33) | 6 (67) | 4.3 | 0.3–56.2 | ||||
Always used | 9 (64) | 5 (36) | Ref | |||||
Missing | 163 (94) | 10 (6) | 0 | 0–0.3 | ||||
Repellent use | ||||||||
Never used | 89 (51) | 86 (49) | 1.5 | 0.4–6.0 | < 0.001 | |||
Used sometimes | 6 (60) | 4 (40) | 0.8 | 0.1–7.7 | ||||
Always used | 12 (60) | 8 (40) | Ref | |||||
Missing | 163 (94) | 10 (6) | 0 | 0–0.2 | ||||
Seasons | ||||||||
Rainy season | 79 (72) | 30 (28) | Ref | 0.49 | Ref | |||
Dry season | 191 (71) | 78 (29) | 1.3 | 0.6–2.7 | 2.7 | 1.0–7.6 | 0.05 | |