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Table 4 Adjusted (Multivariate) analysis of background variables and socio-cultural variables associated with timely and delayed treatment *

From: Socio-cultural determinants of timely and delayed treatment of Buruli ulcer: implications for disease control

Treatment status

Timely treatment N = 178

P-values

OR (95% CI)

Education

  

Primary

Ref

 

Secondary and above

0.5 (0.16, 1.62)

0.254

No education

0.4 (0.09, 1.58)

0.180

Patterns of distress

  

Problems with mobility and use of affected limbs

0.8 (0.29, 2.50)

0.762

Disrupted education

0.4 (0.12, 1.63)

0.220

Loss of income

0.5 (0.13, 1.75)

0.267

Anxiety

0.6 (0.25, 1.57)

0.316

Embarrassed about condition

0.6 (0.22, 1.41)

0.216

Recurring infection

3.5 (0.71, 17.63)

0.125

Perceived causes

  

Drinking unclean water

3.8 (1.34, 10.63)

0.011

Prone to illness

0.2 (0.05, 1.09)

0.064

Weakness of blood

0.6 (0.24, 1.79)

0.406

Outside-help

  

Herbalist

0.2 (0.08, 0.56)

0.002

Fetish/spiritualist

0.2 (0.05, 1.09)

0.064

Prayer camp

0.4 (0.13, 1.32)

0.136

Municipal health facilities

1.2 (0.31, 4.68)

0.792

Government hospital outside the district

0.3 (0.05, 1.56)

0.150

Nothing

0.4 (0.04, 2.96)

0.343

Reasons for medical treatment

  

Easy access to health centre

8.5 (1.61, 44.47)

0.012

Self-referral

2.3 (0.74, 6.98)

0.151

Referral by family and friends

1.6 (0.57, 4.43)

0.374

Get well quickly

1.5 (0.30, 7.32)

0.620

Effectiveness of antibiotic treatment

2.8 (0.55, 14.51)

0.215

  1. * Odds ratios, confidence intervals and p-values for all variables included in the adjusted model are shown in the table. Values in bold indicate statistical significance (p ≤ 0.05). The fitness of the model was assessed with the p-value (p < 0.001). OR = odds ratios, CI = confidence intervals. Timely treatment is defined as seeking treatment < 3 months from first awareness of symptoms to appropriate help-seeking.