Table 1 Geographical and spatiotemporal epidemiology of Ebola virus disease outbreaks across Africa from 1976 to 2014
Countries | Species/year | Total cases | Total deaths | Diagnosis | Existing interventions | Challenges and prospects |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
South Sudan | Sudan ebolavirus, 1976 | 284 | 151 | – Balancing infusion of fluids/electrolytes | – Early stage diagnosis | |
Sudan ebolavirus, 1979 | 34 | 22 | – Syndromic or retrospective assessment | – Maintaining oxygen status and blood pressure | – Effective mass screening tools | |
Sudan ebolavirus, 2004 | 17 | 7 | ||||
– Novel drugs in management | ||||||
Congo | Zaire ebolavirus, 2001–02 | 59 | 44 | |||
Zaire ebolavirus, 2003 | 178 | 157 | – Management of complicated cases | – Primary prevention measures such as education, capacity building, training and advocacy | ||
Zaire ebolavirus, 2005 | 12 | 10 | ||||
Gabon | Zaire ebolavirus, 1994 | 52 | 31 | |||
–Antibodies ELISA IgM and IgG assay | – Community mobilisation, participation and health education | |||||
Zaire ebolavirus, 1996 | 91 | 61 | ||||
Zaire ebolavirus, 2001–02 | 65 | 53 | – Human-animal migration | |||
Ivory Coast | Taï Forest ebolavirus, 1994 | 1 | 0 | |||
DRC | Zaire ebolavirus, 1976 | 318 | 280 | |||
Zaire ebolavirus, 1977 | 1 | 1 | – Routine cleaning and disinfection of host farms | – Resettlements and wars | ||
Zaire ebolavirus, 1995 | 315 | 250 | ||||
Zaire ebolavirus, 2005 | 32 | 15 | ||||
– Immunological testing | ||||||
Zaire ebolavirus, 2007 | 264 | 187 | – Poaching | |||
– Close supervision of burial or incineration of carcasses | – Deforestation and forest degradation | |||||
Serum neutralisation test | – Climate change and global warming | |||||
– Personal protective measures | – Infrastructure factors | |||||
– Molecular assays such as qPCR – Electron microscopy | – Animal-environmental factors | |||||
Zaire ebolavirus, 2008 | 32 | 14 | – Trans-trading, mining and urbanisation | |||
Zaire ebolavirus, 2012 | 36 | 13 | ||||
South Africa | Zaire ebolavirus, 1996 | 1 | 1 | – Poverty cycle | ||
Uganda | Zaire ebolavirus, 2000 | 425 | 224 | – Health education | ||
B. ebolavirus, 2007 | 149 | 37 | – Virus isolation and susceptibility testing | – Community participation and empowerment and bioinformatics | ||
Zaire ebolavirus, 2011 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Sudan ebolavirus, 2012 | 31 | 21 | ||||
Guinea | Zaire ebolavirus, 2014 | 495 | 363 | |||
Sierra Leone | Zaire ebolavirus, 2014 | 691 | 281 | |||
Liberia | Zaire ebolavirus, 2014 | 516 | 286 | |||
Nigeria | Zaire ebolavirus, 2014 | 9 | 1 |