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Table 2 Sites, number of farms, management modes, poultry scale, and net income in surveyed PPCs

From: An ecohealth assessment of poultry production clusters (PPCs) for the livelihood and biosecurity improvement of small poultry producers in Asia

Country

PPCs

Distance from residential areas (RA)

Number of farms in each PPC

Management modes in PPCs

Average poultry size/cycle/farm in PPCs (heads) cycles/year

Poultry size/cycle/farm in non-PPCs (heads) cycles/year

Annual net income from poultry/farm in PPCs in 2011 (USD)

Annual net income from poultry/farm in non-PPCs in 2011 (USD)

China

Heishan

300–500 m

10–20

Independent

5,532 Layers 12–14 months/cycle

3,395 Layers 12–14 months/cycle

16,987

8,805

Xingye

500–700 m

10–30

Contract farming

6,725 Local broilers 2–3 cycles

-

8,135

-

Indonesia

Dawuan

2.8 km

53

Contract farming

5,138 Broiler 5–6 cycles

4,577 Broiler 6 cycles

2,266

3,537

Sukadana

In RA

51

Contract farming

2,854 Male layer 4–5 cycles

-

655

-

Baregbeg

In RA

54

Contract farming

2,260 Male layer 3–4 cycles

-

496

 

Vietnam

Hanoi

500–700 m

5–20

Mostly contract farming

5,354 Broiler 3–4 cycles

5,267 Broiler

16,522

12,931

Hanoi

500–700 m

5–20

Mostly contract farming

4,316 Layers 1–2 cycles

4,233 Layers

12,260

19,588

 

Dong Nai

In RA

7–20

Mostly contract farming

5,651 Broliers 3–4 cycles

8,478 Broilers

15,278

30,268

 

Dong Nai

In RA

7–20

Mostly contract farming

25,460 Layers 1-2 cycles

16,817 Layers

114,033

61,734

Thailand

Nong Khai

1–1.5 km away from RA

30–50

Independent

2,035 Layers 12–18 months/cycle

1,802 Layers

25,093

20,515

 

Nakhon Phanom

In RA

Around 50

Cooperative

4,932 Layers 12–18 months/cycle

5,510 Layers

40,026

44,333

 

Maha Sarakham

1–1.5 km away from RA

50–60

Contract farming

23,893 Broilers 3–4 cycles

21,026 Broilers

16,287

13,333

  1. Source: Field survey results.
  2. Note: (i) the production cycle for layers is from the time of producing eggs to the time of retirement.
  3. (ii) RA-residential areas, m-meters, km-kilo meters.
  4. (iii) the currency exchange rate was based upon the exchange rate of the main banks in each research country during the time of the fieldwork in 2012.