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Table 1 Summary of malaria control programmes using IRS in Zimbabwe between 1945 and 2004

From: Insecticide resistance in malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in Zimbabwe: a review

Author

Year

Milestones in insecticide use in Zimbabwe

Mabaso et al., [47]

1945

IRS introduced

 

1949

Programme launched

 

1957–62

DDT and BHC used

 

1972–73

BHC (equally effective as DDT but cheaper)

 

1974–87

DDT (due to resistance to BHC)

 

1988–2000

Deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin (policy change)

UNEP, [50]

2004

DDT was reintroduced to complement pyrethroids

Unpublished sources/reports

1949–1960

BHC used for the countrywide malaria control programme, while dieldrin was used in sugar estates

 

1960

DDT was used to complement BHC on a small scale

 

1974–1976

DDT became a principal insecticide for malaria control

 

1976–80

No insecticide used as spraying activities were disrupted by war of liberation

 

1980–1987

Extensive use of DDT resumed

 

1987–1991

DDT used, interchangeable with deltamethrin

 

1991

DDT abandoned (decision to abandon was motivated by need to protect tobacco export)

 

1991–2003

Only pyrethroids (deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and alpha-cypermethrin) were used

UNEP, [50]

2004

DDT was reintroduced to complement pyrethroids