Presence of Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia lamblia in water samples from Southeast Asia: towards an integrated water detection system

Table 1 The physicochemical parameter(s) of water samples in selected SEA countries

Country	Type of water	Average, SD, and CI (95%) values	Water quality parameters (physicochemical)
			Physical				Chemical
			Turbidity	TDS	Salinity	DO	Chlorine	Nitrate	Nitrite	Ammonia
			(NTU)	(mg/L)	(ppt)	(mg/L)	(mg/L)	(mg/L)	(mg/L)	(mg/L)
Malaysia	Treated	Average	3.04	65.90	0.05	3.01	0.18	0.14	0.08	2.07
		SD	5.05	88.65	0.05	3.30	0.35	0.19	0.15	5.63
		CI (95%)	3.50	61.43	0.03	2.28	0.24	0.13	0.11	3.90
	Untreated	Average	17.79	58.78	0.05	2.56	0.15	0.32	0.20	0.37
		SD	23.34	66.48	0.04	2.15	0.16	0.41	0.38	0.51
		CI (95%)	7.96	22.68	0.01	0.73	0.05	0.14	0.13	0.17
Thailand	Treated	Average	1.34	416.53	0.30	5.24	0.24	2.31	0.03	0.69
		SD	1.98	1170.86	0.92	6.18	0.76	8.03	0.04	2.90
		CI (95%)	0.85	500.77	0.39	2.64	0.32	3.43	0.02	1.24
	Untreated	Average	62.51	131.30	1.39	3.00	0.24	0.29	0.23	0.17
		SD	149.91	198.24	4.98	1.88	0.30	0.39	1.41	0.23
		CI (95%)	29.53	39.05	0.98	0.37	0.06	0.08	0.28	0.05
Philippines	Treated	Average	1.04	306.13	0.23	0.84	0.58	0.10	0.01	0.12
		SD	1.08	254.15	0.19	0.93	0.74	0.20	0.01	0.17
		CI (95%)	0.75	176.11	0.13	0.65	0.52	0.14	0.00	0.11
	Untreated	Average	8.84	530.39	0.54	0.64	0.28	0.18	0.20	0.43
		SD	6.38	902.59	1.00	2.28	0.50	0.25	0.32	0.32
		CI (95%)	2.61	368.87	0.41	0.93	0.20	0.10	0.13	0.13
Vietnam	Treated	Average	0.31	224.92	0.06	4.82	0.04	0.09	0.01	0.10
		SD	0.38	376.10	0.06	0.98	0.06	0.05	0.01	0.01
		CI (95%)	0.37	368.58	0.06	0.96	0.06	0.05	0.01	0.01
	Untreated	Average	23.60	3630.54	2.77	3.83	0.21	0.56	0.58	0.34
		SD	21.86	3546.22	3.19	2.28	0.17	0.42	0.39	0.29
		CI (95%)	13.55	2197.93	1.98	1.41	0.11	0.26	0.24	0.18

Treated water includes drinking water, water dispenser, mineral water, tap water and swimming pools
Untreated water includes rain water, springs, wells, recreational lake, rivers, waterfalls, canals/channels and effluent water

ISSN: 2049-9957