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Table 5 Risk factors for high patient expenditure, odds ratios (OR), adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95 % Confidence intervals (95 % CI) by country

From: Patients direct costs to undergo TB diagnosis

 

Ethiopia

Nepal

Nigeria

Yemen

Variable

OR

AOR

OR

AOR

OR

AOR

OR

AOR

Age ≥50

1.1 (0.6–1.8)

 

1.3 (0.9–1.8)

 

1.6 (0.8–3.2)

 

1.3 (0.9–1.9)

 

Male

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

 

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

2.0 (1.3–3.2)

1.1 (0.7–1.6)

 

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

 

Married or with partner

1.9 (1.3–3.0)

 

0.8 (0.5–1.3)

 

1.0 (0.7–1.5)

 

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

 

Rural/other town residency

23.6 (10.2–55)

15.3 (6.5–36.0)

1.5 (1.0–2.2)

 

1.1 (0.6–1.8)

 

6.9 (4.2–11.3)

6.7 (4.1–11.0)

Illiterate

1.9 (1.3–2.9)

 

1.7 (1.1–2.6)

2.5 (1.5–4.0)

2.4 (1.4–4.3)

1.9 (1.0–3.4)

1.7 (1.2–2.5)

 

Education nil or primary

2.5 (1.3–4.8)

 

1.4 (1.0–2.1)

 

1.1 (0.7–1.7)

 

1.9 (1.1–3.3)

 

Accompanied

19.7 (6.1, 63)

7.5 (2.3–25.2)

1.5 (1.0–2.2)

 

2.7 (1.8–4.2)

2.5 (1.6–3.9)

3.4 (1.7–7.0)

3.1 (1.5–6.5)

Smear-positive

0.9 (0.5–1.4)

 

2.2 (1.3–3.7)

 

0.8 (0.5–1.5)

 

1.0 (0.6–1.5)

 

Culture-positive

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

 

2.2 (1.3–3.7)

2.3 (1.3–3.8)

1.0 (0.6–1.7)

 

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

 

Illness ≥ 12 weeks

1.6 (1.0–2.4)

 

1.2 (0.8–1.7)

 

0.9 (0.5–1.5)

 

0.9 (0.6–1.5)

 

Cough ≥ 5 to 11 weeks

1.3 (0.8–2.0)

 

1.3 (0.9–2.1)

 

1.2 (0.7–2.0)

 

1.0 (0.6–1.6)

 

Not working

1.2 (0.8–1.9)

 

1.1 (0.8–1.7)

 

1.7 (1.1–2.7)

 

1.4 (0.9–2.1)

 

Farmer, student, housewife, labourer

3.8 (2.2–6.5)

 

1.1 (0.8–1.6)

 

1.4 (0.9–2.3)

 

2.3 (1.3–4.0)