From: Major parasitic diseases of poverty in mainland China: perspectives for better control
Disease | Parasite | Definitive host | Intermediate host | Factors relating to infectiona | Clinical manifestations | DALYsb (thousands) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vector-borne diseases | Â | |||||
Plasmodium spp. | Humans and other animals | Mosquito | Children, pregnant women, humble house, lack of bed nets, immigrants from epidemic regions, occupation dependent exposure to mosquitoes | Fever, headache, shock, jaundice, abnormal bleeding, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly | 82 685 | |
Leishmania spp. | Humans and other mammals | Sandfly | Children, the older, males, dog ownership, herdsman, humble house, sleeping outside, occupation dependent exposure to sandfly | CL: Skin papules, plaque, ulcer and nodular prurigo ML: Edema and erythema on nose, nasal stuffiness or bleeding, mucosal lesions VL: Fever, weight loss, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly | 3 317 | |
Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Brugia timori | Humans | Mosquito | Humble house, lack of bed nets, occupation dependent exposure to mosquitoes | Lymphangitis, lymphnoditis, lymphoedema, elephantedema hydrocele, chyluria | 2 775 | |
Snail-borne diseases | Â | |||||
Schistosoma spp. | Humans and other mammals | Oncomelania hupensis | Males, high frequency of water contact, occupation dependent exposure to snails, snails related practices | Fever, headache, abdominal pain, hematuria, anemia, bloody stool, hepatosplenomegaly, colonic tumoroid proliferation, ascites, hydronephrosis, dwarfism, megalosplenia | 3 309 | |
Clonorchis sinensis | Humans and other mammals | Water snails, fish and shrimps | Males, the older, high frequency of eating of raw or undercooked freshwater fish | Inappetence, abdominal pain, gallstone, jaundice, anemia, hepatosplenomegaly, pyogenic cholangitis, cholecystitis | 275 | |
Paragonimiasis [54] | Paragonimus spp. | Humans, cats, dogs and other carnivores | Water snails and crustaceans | Children, high frequency of eating of raw or undercooked freshwater crabs | Chronic cough, chest pain, hemoptysis, pleurisy, dyspnea, abdominal pain, epilepsy | 197 |
Fasciola gigantica Fasciola hepatica | Humans and other mammals | Water snails | Children, females, high frequency of eating of raw vegetables or untreated water and contact with ruminants | Fever, anemia, hepatic lesions and fibrosis, hepatomegaly, jaundice, cholangitis, cholecystitis | 35 | |
Soil-transmitted helminthiasis | Â | |||||
Ascariasis | Ascaris lumbricoides | Humans | - | Ascariasis and trichuriasis: school-aged children Hookworm: the older and farmers | Inappetence, undernutrition, abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, growth and cognitive deficits | 1 315 |
Trichuriasis | Trichuris trichiura | Humans | - | 638 | ||
Ancylostoma duodenale Necator americanus | Humans | - | 3 231 | |||
Enterobius vermicularis | Humans | - | School-aged children, crowded | Inappetence, restlessness, perianal pruritus and discomfort, insomnia, irritability, growth and cognitive deficits | - | |
Zoonotic diseases | Â | |||||
Taenia solium Taenia saginata Taenia asiatica | Humans | Humans, pig and cattle | Pigs related practices, high frequency of eating of raw pork | Headaches, ocular disorders, epilepsy, seizure, neurological symptoms | 503 | |
Echinococcus granulosus Echinococcus multilocularis | Dogs and wild canids | Humans and other animals | Females, the older, herdsmen slaughter and viscera disposal practices, dog related practices | AE: Tumour-like multi-vesicular CE: Unilocular fluid-filled bladders | 144 | |
Water-borne diseases | Â | |||||
Cryptosporidium spp. | Humans and other animals | - | Children, immunocompromised individuals, poor water treatment | Diarrhea, growth deficits, malnutrition, weight loss | 8 372 | |
Giardiasis [95] | Giardia spp. | Humans and other animals | - | Children, poor water treatment | Diarrhea, malnutrition, growth deficits, weight loss | - |
Toxoplasma gondii | Felids | Humans and other animals | The older, cancer patients, immunocompromised individuals, cat related practices | Blindness, mental deficiency, encephalitis, stillbirths, abortion | - | |
Outbreak parasitic diseases | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
Angiostrongylus cantonensis | Rats | Snails and slugs | High frequency of eating of raw or undercooked snails | Eosinophilic meningitis, headache, somnolence, ocular angiostrongyliasis | - |