Demographic factors
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Sub-ethnic group
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Temuan
|
106
|
81 (76.4)
|
1.24 (0.61–2.51)
|
0.559
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Mah Meri
|
80
|
64 (80.0)
|
1
| |
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
| |
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Age
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
< 15 years
|
63
|
52 (82.5)
|
0.66 (0.30–1.42)
|
0.281
|
43
|
34 (79.1)
|
0.78 (0.31–1.97)
|
0.595
|
20
|
18 (90.0)
|
0.37 (0.08–1.77)
|
0.197
|
≥ 15 years
|
123
|
93 (75.6)
|
1
|
63
|
47 (74.6)
|
1
| |
60
|
46 (76.7)
|
1
| |
Sex
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Female
|
107
|
84 (78.5)
|
1.08 (0.54–2.17)
| |
63
|
47 (74.6)
|
0.78 (0.31–1.97)
| |
44
|
37 (84.1)
|
1.76 (0.58–5.32)
| |
Male
|
79
|
61 (77.2)
|
1
|
0.834
|
43
|
34 (79.1)
|
1
|
0.595
|
36
|
27 (75.0)
|
1
|
0.312
|
Family size
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
≥ 5 members
|
120
|
98 (81.7)
|
1.80 (0.89–3.65)
| |
73
|
62 (84.9)
|
4.15 (1.62–10.66)
| |
47
|
36 (76.6)
|
0.58 (0.18–1.88)
| |
< 5 members
|
66
|
47 (71.2)
|
1
|
0.100
|
33
|
19 (57.6)
|
1
|
0.002
|
33
|
28 (84.4)
|
1
|
0.364
|
Socio-economic factors
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Education attainment
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Informal education
|
34
|
27 (79.4)
|
1.11 (0.45–2.77)
|
0.821
|
24
|
18 (75.0)
|
0.91 (0.31–2.60)
|
0.853
|
10
|
9 (90.0)
|
2.46 (0.29–20.93)
|
0.398
|
Formal education
|
152
|
118 (77.6)
|
1
| |
82
|
63 (76.8)
|
1
| |
70
|
55 (78.6)
|
1
| |
Monthly household income
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
< RM750
|
132
|
108 (81.8)
|
2.07 (1.00–4.27)
|
0.047
|
62
|
50 (80.6)
|
1.75 (0.71–4.31)
|
0.223
|
70
|
58 (82.9)
|
3.22 (0.79–13.19)
|
0.091
|
≥ RM750
|
54
|
37 (68.5)
|
1
| |
44
|
31 (70.5)
|
1
| |
10
|
6 (60.0)
|
1
| |
Employment status
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Unemployed
|
131
|
106 (80.9)
|
1.74 (0.84–3.60)
|
0.133
|
76
|
58 (76.3)
|
0.98 (0.36–2.66)
|
0.969
|
55
|
48 (87.3)
|
3.86 (1.24–12.04)
|
0.016
|
Employed
|
55
|
39 (70.9)
|
1
| |
30
|
23 (76.7)
|
1
| |
25
|
16 (64.0)
|
1
| |
Presence of toilets
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
No
|
35
|
33 (94.3)
|
5.75 (1.32–25.07)
|
0.010
|
21
|
19 (90.5)
|
3.52 (0.76–16.33)
|
0.090
|
14
|
14 (100.0)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Yes
|
151
|
112 (74.2)
|
1
| |
85
|
62 (72.9)
|
1
| |
66
|
50 (75.8)
|
Water source
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Untreated water source
|
47
|
44 (93.6)
|
5.52 (1.62–18.83)
|
0.003
|
30
|
27 (90.0)
|
3.67 (1.01–13.34)
|
0.038
|
17
|
17 (100.0)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
Treated water source
|
139
|
101 (72.7)
|
1
| |
76
|
54 (71.1)
|
1
| |
63
|
47 (74.6)
|
Presence of domestic animals
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Yes
|
113
|
84 (74.3)
|
0.57 (0.27–1.21)
|
0.138
|
69
|
49 (71.0)
|
0.38 (0.13–1.12)
|
0.074
|
44
|
35 (79.5)
|
0.94 (0.31–2.83)
|
0.911
|
No
|
73
|
61 (83.6)
|
1
| |
37
|
32 (86.5)
|
1
| |
36
|
29 (80.6)
|
1
| |
Personal hygiene factors
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Boiling water before drinking
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
No
|
60
|
53 (88.3)
|
2.80 (1.16–6.75)
|
0.018
|
33
|
31 (93.9)
|
7.13 (1.57–32.37)
|
0.004
|
27
|
22 (81.5)
|
1.15 (0.36–3.74)
|
0.813
|
Yes
|
126
|
92 (73.0)
|
1
| |
73
|
50 (68.5)
|
1
| |
53
|
42 (79.2)
|
1
| |
Eating with bare hands
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
Yes
|
173
|
134 (77.5)
|
0.63 (0.13–2.94)
|
0.548
|
98
|
74 (75.5)
|
0.44 (0.05–3.76)
|
0.442
|
75
|
60 (80.0)
|
1.00 (0.10–9.61)
|
1.000
|
No
|
13
|
11 (84.6)
|
1
| |
8
|
7 (87.5)
|
1
| |
5
|
4 (80.0)
|
1
| |
Wearing shoes outside
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
No
|
48
|
46 (95.8)
|
9.06 (2.10–39.15)
|
0.001
|
26
|
26 (100.0)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
22
|
20 (90.9)
|
3.18 (0.66–15.34)
|
0.133
|
Yes
|
138
|
99 (71.7)
|
1
| |
80
|
55 (68.8)
|
58
|
44 (75.9)
|
1
| |
Washing hands after contact with soil
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
No
|
52
|
47 (90.4)
|
3.45 (1.27–9.37)
|
0.011
|
21
|
21 (100.0)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
31
|
26 (83.9)
|
1.51 (0.47–4.85)
|
0.491
|
Yes
|
134
|
98 (73.1)
|
1
| |
85
|
60 (70.5)
|
49
|
38 (77.6)
|
1
| |
Washing hands before eating
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
No
|
49
|
45 (91.8)
|
4.16 (1.40–12.38)
|
0.006
|
20
|
20 (100.0)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
29
|
25 (86.2)
|
1.92 (0.56–6.63)
|
0.295
|
Yes
|
137
|
100 (73.0)
|
1
| |
86
|
61 (70.9)
|
51
|
39 (76.5)
|
1
| |
Washing hands before cooking
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
No
|
34
|
30 (88.2)
|
2.41 (0.80–7.30)
|
0.110
|
14
|
14 (100.0)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
20
|
16 (80.0)
|
1.00 (0.28–3.54)
|
1.000
|
Yes
|
152
|
115 (75.7)
|
1
| |
92
|
67 (72.8)
|
60
|
48 (80.0)
|
1
| |
Washing hands after defecation
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
No
|
60
|
56 (93.3)
|
5.82 (1.97–17.21)
|
0.000
|
27
|
27 (100.0)
|
N/A
|
N/A
|
33
|
29 (87.9)
|
2.49 (0.72–8.54)
|
0.140
|
Yes
|
126
|
89 (70.6)
|
1
| |
79
|
54 (68.4)
|
47
|
35 (74.5)
|
1
| |
Washing hands after having contact with animals
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
No
|
37
|
32 (86.5)
|
2.04 (0.74–5.62)
|
0.162
|
14
|
13 (92.9)
|
4.59 (0.57–36.97)
|
0.120
|
23
|
19 (82.6)
|
1.27 (0.36–4.43)
|
0.711
|
Yes
|
149
|
113 (75.8)
|
1
| |
92
|
68 (73.9)
|
1
| |
57
|
45 (78.9)
|
1
| |
Consumption of anthelmintic drugs in the past 12 months
| | | | | | | | | | | | |
No
|
141
|
112 (79.4)
|
1.40 (0.65–3.05)
|
0.390
|
69
|
53 (76.8)
|
1.07 (0.42–2.72)
|
0.896
|
72
|
59 (81.9)
|
2.27 (0.58–12.86)
|
0.192
|
Yes
|
45
|
33 (73.3)
|
1
| |
37
|
28 (75.7)
|
1
| |
8
|
5 (62.5)
|
1
| |