Table 4 Multivariate analysis of risk factors associated with parasitic infections among indigenous communities

A) Overall

Demographic factor

 Family size (≥5 members)

1.55

0.68–3.57

0.300

Socio-economic factors

 Monthly household income (<RM750)

1.54

0.66–3.57

0.318

 Unemployed

1.18

0.50–2.82

0.703

 Without toilet

3.79

0.67–21.36

0.132

 Untreated water source

3.66

0.92–14.53

0.066

0.007*

 Presence of domestic animals

0.97

0.38–2.48

0.955

Personal hygiene factors

 Not boiling water before consumption

1.60

0.57–4.46

0.372

 Not wearing shoes outside of home

6.09

1.04–35.71

0.045

0.014*

 Not washing hands after contact with soil

1.89

0.09–38.24

0.678

 Not washing hands before eating

1.74

0.13–23.69

0.677

 Not washing hands before cooking

0.13

0.01–2.56

0.179

 Not washing hands after defecation

9.94

1.03–95.79

0.047

0.009*

 Not washing hands after contact with animals

0.25

0.02–2.58

0.243

B) Temuan sub-ethnic group

Demographic factor

 Family size (≥5 members)

3.44

1.21–9.80

0.021

0.012*

Socio-economic factors

 Monthly household income (<RM750)

2.02

0.67–6.06

0.211

 Without toilet

1.63

0.26–10.43

0.604

 Untreated water source

0.95

0.19–4.86

0.950

 Presence of domestic animals

0.34

0.09–1.31

0.117

Personal hygiene factors

 Not boiling water before consumption

5.96

1.20–29.52

0.029

0.023*

 Not washing hands after contact with animals

3.95

0.42–37.63

0.232

C) Mah Meri sub-ethnic group

Demographic factor

 Age (<15 years old)

0.87

0.13–6.03

0.887

Socioeconomic factors

 Unemployed

3.52

0.93–13.26

0.063

0.020*

 Monthly household income (<RM750)

1.31

0.22–7.94

0.769

Personal hygiene factors

 Not wearing shoes when outside home

1.59

0.23–10.93

0.635

 Not washing hands after defecation

2.71

0.69–10.65

0.154

 Not consuming anthelmintic drugs in the past 12 months

2.23

0.29–16.88

0.439