Table 1 Epidemiological studies reporting on the prevalence and intensity of infection of schistosomiasis and STHs in Rwanda
Authors | Parasites | Major findings | Geographical area |
|---|---|---|---|
Soil-transmitted helminths-hookworm, T.trichiura and A.lumbricoides - S. mansoni and S.haematobium | A total of 8 313 randomly sampled school children from 136 schools in 30 districts in Rwanda. Single stool sample collected from each school child and processed using Kato-Katz method and urine filtration test for detection of S.mansoni and STH. Dipsticks and urine filtration test were used for diagnosis of S. haematobium. Six species of intestinal helminths were identified with an overall STH infection prevalence of 65.8% with A. lumbricoides (38.6%) and hookworms (31.6%) most common. Co-infection of A. lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura was found to be particularly common | All geographical areas of Rwanda | |
S. mansoni and S.haematobium | -S.mansoni was common along the large water bodies, overall national prevalence was 2.7%, range from 0 to 69.5%. - No cases of S.haematobium was detected. | ||
[24] 1981 | S.mansoni | A total of 4 751 individuals aged 0- > 30 years were examined single feacal smear on single stool sample. Of these 107 (2.17%) from north and 69 (3.47%) had S.mansoni infection. | Bulera south and north |
A total of 5 739 individuals aged 0- > 30 years were examined using single feacal smear on single stool sample. Of these 5.9% (135) from north and 236 (6.8%) had S. mansoni infection. Note: No parasitological technique mentioned. | Ruhondo south and north | ||
[26] 2008 | S.mansoni STH-hookworm, A.lumbricoides, T.trichiura | A total of 1 605 individuals, 1485 children aged 5-17 and 120 adolescent aged 18–20 years were screening using Kato Katz techniques on duplicated thick smears prepared from single stool sample. Of all the individuals, 0.25, 0.75, 2.8 and 6.04% were infected with S.mansoni, hookworm, T.trichiura and A.lumbricoides. Almost 21.2% were co-infected with A.lumbricoides and T.trichiura parasites. | Lake Bulera and Ruhondo, Musanze district |
[27] 2010 | S.mansoni | A total of 270 individuals (children and adults) were screened using duplicated Kato Katz thick smears technique on single stool sample. Of these participants, 20.1% were infected with variation of prevalence between villages ranging from 1.6 to 30.1%. | Lake Rweru, Bugesera district |
STH | The prevalence of hookworm was 33%, 22% for T.trichiura and 12.2% for A.lumbricoides. | ||
[29] 2015 | S. mansoni | A total of 311 school children from four primary school were examined for presence of S.mansoni eggs using Kato Katz technique on single stool sample. Overall, 62.1% of the children were infected with S.mansoni infection. The overall feacal egg count (eggs per gram of faeces) was 176.9 epg. | Nkombo island, Lake Kivu, Rusizi district |
[37] 2014 | STH | A total of 662 school children (301 from rural and 321 from urban) with median age of 10.2Â years. Stool sample were examined using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and the overall prevalence of STH was 13% in urban and 38% in rural areas. A.lumbricoides accounted for 95.6% of all detected helminths. | Butare and Huye district, southern province |