Skip to main content

Table 4 Unadjusted and adjusted analyses for factors associated with A. lumbricoides infection at the 15-month follow-up point

From: Impact of single annual treatment and four-monthly treatment for hookworm and Ascaris lumbricoides, and factors associated with residual infection among Kenyan school children

  

Proportion infected

Intensity of infection

Variable

Categories

Odds ratio (95% CI)

P

Adjusteda odds ratio (95% CI)

Adjusted P

Epg ratio (95% CI)

P

Child characteristics

 Sex

Male

1

 

1

 

1

 

Female

0.79 (0.39–1.61)

0.510

0.79 (0.38–1.61)

0.510

0.65 (0.09–4.93)

0.683

 Age group

5–8

1

 

1

 

1

 

9–10

1.06 (0.43–2.65)

 

1.07 (0.43–2.65)

 

0.53 (0.03–8.27)

 

11–12

0.66 (0.24–1.84)

0.781

0.66 (0.24–1.84)

0.752

0.18 (0.01–3.02)

0.650

13–15

0.80 (0.29–2.23)

 

0.80 (0.29–2.24)

 

0.54 (0.03–9.30)

 

 Anaemia

Yes

1.23 (0.59–2.57)

0.572

1.42 (0.68–2.95)

0.354

2.85 (0.34–23.52)

0.328

 Thin

Yes

1.53 (0.58–2.50)

0.703

1.48 (0.56–3.88)

0.441

1.33 (0.06–31.92)

0.859

 Stunted

Yes

1.16 (0.54–1.51)

0.989

1.13 (0.52–2.42)

0.763

1.99 (0.21–18.49)

0.527

 Underweight

Yes

0.74 (0.09–6.00)

0.766

0.62 (0.08–4.98)

0.628

7.51 (0.03–1923.72)

0.319

 Baseline infection

   A. lumbricoides infection

Yes

4.37 (1.62–11.82)

0.001

3.66 (1.36–9.90)

0.010

2.36 (0.24–23.45)

0.467

   A. lumbricoides intensity

0

1

 

1

 

1

 

1–4 999

3.77 (1.34–10.61)

0.003

0.62 (0.28–1.39)

0.259

2.88 (0.33–25.16)

0.617

> = 5 000

6.02 (1.96–18.46)

 

1

 

2.78 (0.16–49.85)

 

Household characteristics

 Socioeconomic status

Poor

1

 

1

 

1

 

Less poor

0.98 (0.86–1.11)

0.736

0.98 (0.86–1.11)

0.736

1.08 (0.13–8.99)

0.941

 Water source

Not covered

1

 

1

 

1

 

Covered

0.61 (0.11–3.12)

0.570

0.61 (0.11–3.12)

0.570

1.64 (0.03–905.05)

0.883

 Floor

Mud

1

 

1

 

1

 

Cemented

0.55 (0.07–4.39)

0.545

0.55 (0.07–4.39)

0.545

1.82 (0.03–130.16)

0.764

 Pit latrine

No

1

 

1

 

1

 

Yes

1.75 (0.49–6.25)

0.359

1.75 (0.49–6.25)

0.359

2.20 (0.10–50.24)

0.656

School characteristics

 Baseline school infection level

   A. lumbricoides prevalence

<27%

1

 

1

 

1

 

28–30%

4.02 (1.47–14.55)

 

4.04 (1.08–15.16)

 

4.02 (0.34–47.00)

0.630

>40%

0.60 (2.62–21.89)

0.019

0.60 (1.57–19.54)

0.011

5.61 (0.51–61.74)

 

   A. lumbricoides epg

366–913

1

 

1

 

1

 

914–2 497

2.00 (0.63–6.33)

0.095

2.00 (0.63–6.33)

0.095

1.26 (0.11–14.12)

0.878

>2 497

3.48 (1.17–10.36)

 

3.38 (1.17–10.36)

 

2.27 (0.19–27.90)

 

  Latrine cleanliness

Clean

1

 

1

 

1

 

Dirty

0.53 (0.20–1.41)

0.049

0.48 (0.21–1.21)

0.030

0.17 (0.01–1.88)

0.446

Very dirty

0.18 (0.04–0.86)

 

0.21 (0.05–0.92)

 

0.23 (0.02–3.09)

 

  Children per latrine

<50:1

1

 

1

 

1

 

>50:1

0.74 (0.27–2.04)

0.554

0.74 (0.27–2.04)

0.554

1.21 (0.16–9.11)

0.852

Environmental characteristics

 Elevation

 

1.04 (0.99–1.01)

0.402

1.01 (1.00–1.03)

0.040

1.00 (0.98–1.03)

0.991

 LST (oC)

18.0–19.9

1

 

1

 

1

 

20.0–20.7

0.49 (0.21–1.12)

0.396

2.16 (0.62–7.55)

0.112

0.31 (0.03–3.63)

0.260

20

0.21 (0.05–0.92)

 

3.08 (0.97–9.80)

 

1.23 (0.08–17.9)

 

 NDVI

0.47–0.53

1

 

1

 

0.02 (0.00–1.45)

0.761

0.54–0.57

1.33 (0.34–5.21)

0.959

2.22 (0.71–6.92)

0.345

  

0.58–0.67

1.67 (0.43–6.51)

 

1.63 (0.63–4.23)

   

 Distance from water bodies

 

0.82 (0.40–1.70)

0.586

0.84 (0.24–2.99)

0.793

0.21 (0.00–22.94)

0.505

  1. Abbreviations: NDVI Normalized difference vegetation index, LST Land surface temperature
  2. Elevation meters above sea level
  3. aAdjusted for sex and A. lumbricoides baseline infection, school-level A. lumbricoides baseline infection, and latrine cleanliness