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Table 2 CRP concentrations (nmol/L) in the presence and absence of maternal conditions in pregnancy and lactation1

From: C-reactive protein is differentially modulated by co-existing infections, vitamin deficiencies and maternal factors in pregnant and lactating indigenous Panamanian women

 

PREGNANCY

LACTATION

Condition

Yes

No

Yes

No

Environmental hazards

 Wood smoke

52.2 ± 4.9

(n = 114)

41.7 ± 19.8

(n = 6)

28.0 ± 3.7

(n = 93)

24.4 ± 8.4

(n = 6)

 Fieldwork

52.3 ± 7.5

(n = 60)

51.0 ± 5.9

(n = 60)

24.0 ± 4.7

(n = 41)

30.4 ± 5.0

(n = 58)

Micronutrient status

 Folic acid < 10 nmol/L

61.1 ± 11.6

(n = 25)

49.2 ± 5.1

(n = 95)

30.1 ± 6.7

(n = 31)

26.7 ± 4.2

(n = 68)

 Vitamin B12 < 150 pmol/L

48.8 ± 4.9

(n = 103)

68.7 ± 15.5

(n = 17)

24.6 ± 4.5

(n = 46)

30.5 ± 5.4

(n = 53)

 Vitamin A < 1.05 μmol/L

59.5 ± 8.9

(n = 46)

47.1 ± 5.3

(n = 73)

30.2 ± 11.7

(n = 18)

27.3 ± 3.6

(n = 79)

 Vitamin A > 1.5 μmol/L

35.6 ± 6.5

(n = 22)

55.2 ± 5.5

(n = 98)

30.6 ± 5.5a

(n = 39)

26.0 ± 4.8b

(n = 58)

 Vitamin D < 50 nmol/L

54.2 ± 5.8

(n = 82)

46.1 ± 8.2

(n = 38)

25.7 ± 3.9

(n = 68)

32.3 ± 7.5

(n = 31)

Clinically detected Infections

 Caries

74.0 ± 12.2a

(n = 25)

45.8 ± 4.9b

(n = 95)

21.4 ± 8.3b

(n = 18)

29.2 ± 3.9a

(n = 81)

 Scabies

53.1 ± 11.8

(n = 26)

51.2 ± 5.1

(n = 94)

25.8 ± 9.5

(n = 8)

27.9 ± 3.8

(n = 91)

Laboratory detected infections

    

 AB/UTI

53.5 ± 7.1

(n = 63)

47.1 ± 6.1

(n = 55)

26.0 ± 6.4

(n = 34)

30.0 ± 4.5

(n = 60)

 Bacterial vaginosis

52.5 ± 6.0

(n = 73)

50.8 + 7.9

(n = 46)

21.7 ± 4.3

(n = 50)

22.8 ± 5.6

(n = 29)

   Lactobacillus

48.8 ± 6.7

(n = 59)

54.8 ± 6.8

(n = 60)

22.2 ± 6.9

(n = 21)

22.0 ± 3.9

(n = 58)

   Bacteroides/Gardnerella

51.5 ± 4.8

(n = 114)

59.4 ± 29.6

(n = 5)

22.5 ± 3.5

(n = 77)

5.2 ± 4.3

(n = 2)

   Mobiluncus

48.8 ± 4.9

(n = 95)

63.9 ± 13.7

(n = 24)

20.6 ± 3.4

(n = 69)

31.4 ± 13.4

(n = 10)

 Vaginal Trichomoniasis

52.8 ± 5.8

(n = 88)

49.1 ± 8.0

(n = 31)

23.0 ± 3.7

(n = 72)

12.0 ± 3.7

(n = 7)

 Vaginal yeast infection

47.2 ± 10.3

(n = 33)

53.3 ± 5.2

(n = 87)

16.0 ± 5.7

(n = 9)

22.9 ± 3.8

(n = 70)

 Vaginal Diplococcal infection

64.4 ± 14.3

(n = 24)

48.6 ± 4.7

(n = 95)

18.1 ± 4.5

(n = 25)

23.9 ± 4.5

(n = 54)

  Ascaris

44.0 ± 8.1b

(n = 39)

55.3 ± 5.8a

(n = 81)

35.0 ± 11.9

(n = 4)

35.9 ± 10.4

(n = 19)

 Hookworm

55.9 ± 6.5

(n = 68)

46.1 ± 6.8

(n = 52)

34.8 ± 14.7

(n = 11)

36.5 ± 10.6

(n = 12)

  Trichuris

33.3 ± 10.9

(n = 15)

54.3 ± 5.1

(n = 105)

49.4 ± 27.3

(n = 2)

34.4 ± 9.4

(n = 21)

  1. 1Values are means ± SE; different letter superscripts are significantly different at P < 0.05
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Infectious Diseases of Poverty

ISSN: 2049-9957

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