C-reactive protein is differentially modulated by co-existing infections, vitamin deficiencies and maternal factors in pregnant and lactating indigenous Panamanian women

Table 4 Multiple linear and logistic regression models for Log CRP and elevated CRP in pregnant women

CRP (nmol/L) in pregnant women¹	Coefficient ± SE	P	95% CI	Overall Model
Wood smoke, h/d	0.15 ± 0.07	0.032	0.01, 0.30	n = 116 F_{9, 106} = 3.99 P = 0.0002 Adj. R² = 0.189 VIF = 1.52
Caries, presence	0.66 ± 0.26	0.012	0.15, 1.12
Lactobacillus, score	−0.27 ± 0.11	0.020	−0.5, −0.04
Bacteroides/Gardnerella, score	−0.35 ± 0.14	0.019	−0.64, −0.06
Mobiluncus, score	0.20 ± 0.10	0.059	−0.008, 0.42
Ascaris, presence	−0.73 ± 0.23	0.002	−1.20, −0.27
Hookworm, presence	0.56 ± 0.22	0.014	0.11, 1.02
Trichuris, presence	−0.57 ± 0.33	0.092	−1.24, 0.09
Vitamin A < 1.05 μmol/L	0.34 ± 0.22	0.122	−0.09, 0.78
Constant	1.55 ± 0.06	0.019	0.26, 2.85
Elevated CRP in pregnant women²	OR ± SE	P	95% CI	Overall model
Gestational age	0.92 ± 0.03	0.022	0.87, 0.98	n = 116 P = 0.0006 Pseudo R² = 0.243 VIF = 1.09
Wood smoke, h/d	1.50 ± 0.29	0.034	1.03, 2.19
Caries, presence	3.86 ± 2.46	0.034	1.10, 13.4
Vaginal yeast, score	0.36 ± 0.18	0.050	0.13, 0.99
Diplococcal infection, score	2.04 ± 0.53	0.007	1.22, 3.42
Folic acid < 10 nmol/L	3.53 ± 2.34	0.057	0.96, 12.9
Vitamin A < 1.05 μmol/L	2.45 ± 1.43	0.124	0.78, 7.72
Vitamin D < 50 nmol/L	2.74 ± 1.91	0.148	0.69, 10.70

¹Variables that were explored but did not enter the linear regression model for CRP (nmol/L) in pregnancy (P > 0.15): Gestational age, parity, BMI (kg/m²), fieldwork (h/d), presence of scabies and AB/UTI, score of trichomoniasis, vaginal yeast and diplococcal infection, folic acid < 10 nmol/L, vitamin B₁₂ < 150 pmol/L, vitamin A > 1.5 μmol/L. Vitamin D < 50 nmol/L
²Variables that were explored but did not enter the logistic regression model for elevated CRP (>28.50 nmol/L, > 193.34 nmol/L and > 77.14 nmol/L in the first, second and third trimesters, respectively [20]) in pregnancy (P > 0.15): Parity, BMI (kg/m²), fieldwork (h/d), presence of scabies, AB/UTI, Ascaris, hookworm, Trichuris, score of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides/Gardnerella, Mobiluncus, trichomoniasis, vitamin B₁₂ < 150 pmol/L, vitamin A > 44.3 μmol/L

ISSN: 2049-9957