Table 1 Summary of methodological overview (study aim, design, and sample size) of 26 studies showing that zooprophylaxis either has a positive, negative, or no effect in malaria control
Reference | Location | Study aim | Study design | Sample size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Lyimo et al., [58] | Kilombero, Tanzania | Evaluating the effectiveness of fungus bioinsecticide zooprophylaxis | Semi-field and small-scale field experimental study | 1690 and 547 An. arabiensis from the semi-field and field, respectively, were assessed for the development of fungal infection. |
Kaburi et al., [53] | Kenya | Establishing effects of zooprophylaxis and LLINs | Cross-sectional survey | 80 households were surveyed; 4148 and 2615 vector mosquitoes were collected before and after the intervention, respectively, and blood sources were detected. |
Bulterys et al., [49] | Zambia | Association between malaria infection and risk factors | Case-control study | 34 households with malaria history in the previous two years and 37 households without malaria history in the same time period were assessed for risk factors. |
Fritz et al., [59] | Kenya | Effects of ivermectin and moxidectin on malaria vectors | Laboratory-based and field-based bioassays | Exact sample size not mentioned. |
Muriu et al., [54] | Kenya | To determine the blood feeding pattern of Anopheles mosquitoes | Longitudinal study (mosquito collection and laboratory processing) | 3333 blood-fed Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from eight villages and blood sources were detected. |
Mahande et al., [55] | Tanzania | Evaluation of feeding preference behavior | Field experimental study (mosquito collection and laboratory processing) | 3902 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected from the field and blood sources were detected; 506 Anopheles were trapped using odor based entry trap (OBET) and preference was detected. |
Mahande et al., [83] | Tanzania | Assessing the effect of deltamethrin-treated cattle on An. arabiensis | Contact bioassay and experimental hut trials | 948 female An. arabiensis mosquitoes were used for contact bioassay. |
Iwashita et al., [50] | Kenya | Assessing the added value of zooprophylaxis in the presence of ITNs | Cross-sectional survey (mosquito collection and laboratory processing, livestock survey, LLINs coverage and larval breeding habitat survey) | 1664 Anopheles mosquitoes were examined for blood meal source and vector infection rate. |
Seyoum et al., [71] | Ethiopia | To assess the impact of livestock on the HBR and malaria transmission | Longitudinal study (mosquito collection and laboratory processing, parasitological and clinical survey, field experimental tukuls trial) | Mosquitoes were collected using HLC for 12 months (once/month/3 huts) and 1180 blood samples were collected from children under 10 years of age. |
Habtewold et al., [52] | Ethiopia | A blood meal analysis to determine the host preference | Cross-sectional study (mosquito collection and laboratory processing) | 278 mosquitoes were tested for blood meal source and parasite positivity. |
Rowland et al., [60] | Pakistan | The role of insecticide-treated livestock (dipping method) in the control of malaria | Field experimental study (Randomized controlled trial) | 842 Anopheles mosquitoes were monitored; an average 4112 blood samples were collected and tested for parasite detection over a three-year period. |
Foley et al., [61] | Indonesia | The effect of ivermectin-treated animals and humans on An. farauti mortality | Experimental study and modeling | Exact sample size not reported. |
Hewitt and Rowland, [62] | Pakistan | The treatment of cattle with pyrethroids to control zoophilic mosquitoes | Field experimental study | 38,815 anopheline mosquitoes were collected over a two-year period. |
Temu et al., [64] | Mozambique | Identifying risk factors for malaria infection | Cross-sectional survey | 8338 children under 15 years of age were screened for malaria detection. |
Tirados et al., [70] | Ethiopia | Attraction of mosquitoes to humans in the absence and presence of cattle ring; mosquito host preference using animal and human baited traps | Field experimental study | Exact sample size not mentioned. |
Yamamoto et al., [51] | Burkina Faso | The use and effects of different mosquito control measures | Case-control study | 117 cases and 221 control study subjects were screened for parasites. |
Githinji et al., [67] | Kenya | Interactions between humans and their micro-ecological environment | Case-control study | 342 case and 328 control individuals were assessed for risk factors associated with malaria. |
Deressa et al., [68] | Ethiopia | Household and socioeconomic factors associated with childhood febrile illness | Cross-sectional survey | 2372 households were investigated for risk factors associated with malaria. |
Tirados et al., [30] | Ethiopia | Feeding and resting preference to evaluate the protective value of cattle against An. arabiensis | Laboratory-based (ELISA) and Field experimental study, Longitudinal study (mosquito collection) | 45,527 An. arabiensis, 4218 An. pharoensis, and 13,241 An. funestus group were collected |
Palsson et al., [65] | Guinea Bissau | Environmental risk factors associated with increased malaria risk and vector abundance | Longitudinal study (mosquito collection) | 9873 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected over a three-year period. |
Habtewold et al., [63] | Ethiopia | Deltamethrin-treated zebu and possible behavioral avoidance of An. arabiensis | Contact bioassay and Field experimental study | 1102 Anopheles mosquitoes were monitored for feeding success; 366 Anopheles mosquitoes were tested for blood meal source. |
Bøgh et al., [57] | The Gambia | Effect of passive zooprophylaxis on malaria transmission | Paired cohort study of 102 children under age 7 | A total of 204 children were monitored for malaria in the presence and absence of cattle. |
Idrees and Jan, [81] | Pakistan | To determine the role of cattle ownership on the prevalence of malaria | cross-sectional survey | 1873 blood samples were collected and tested for malaria. |
Ghebreyesus et al., [69] | Ethiopia | Household risk factors associated with malaria incidence | Cross-sectional survey | 2114 children under 10 were screened for malaria and associated risk factors. |
Bouma and Rowland, [66] | Pakistan | Parasite prevalence in children housing with or without cattle | Cross-sectional survey | 2042 blood samples were collected from school children aged 2–15. |
Mayagaya et al., [82] | Tanzania | To investigate the impact livestock ownership has on vector ecology and malaria parasite infectivity rate | Longitudinal study (mosquito collection) | 29,393 Anopheles mosquitoes were collected over a three-year period. |