Fig. 1

Schematic figure depicting important differences between the major endemic areas and the applicable control tools. In the Africa, Latin America and Middle East, the parasites (S. mansoni and S. haematobium) depend on pulmonate snails (Biomphalaria and Bulinus) for transmission, which is confined to human/human transfer in principle, while Asian schistosomiasis (due to S. japonicum or S. mekongi and the amphibious Oncomelania and freshwater Neotricula snails) is zoonotic with many animal reservoirs