Pharmacological and immunological effects of praziquantel against Schistosoma japonicum: a scoping review of experimental studies

Table 1 The minimal effective concentrations (MECs) of praziquantel needed to induce an increased in motor activity, contraction of musculature or vesicle formation in different developmental stages of S. mansoni and S. japonicum

Stage	MEC (μg/ml) producing			Time of onset of vesiculation	Vesicle number^b
Stage	Stimulation	Contraction	Vesiculation^a	Time of onset of vesiculation	Vesicle number^b
S. mansoni	Reference [26]
Day 0	0.005	0.010	0.1	2–4 h	Few
Day 3	0.010	0.010	1.0	> 4 h	Few
Day 7	0.010	0.010	1.0	> 4 h	Few
Day 14	0.010	0.010	0.1	30 min	Many
Day 28	0.005	0.010	0.1	30 min	Many
Day 35	0.005	0.010	0.1	5–15 min	Very many
Day 42	0.005	0.010	0.1	5–15 min	Very many
S. japonicum	Reference [41]
Day 0	0.01	0.05	0.5	3–4 h	Few
Day 3	0.01	0.05	1.0	24 h	Very few
Day 7	0.01	0.05	1.0	24 h	Very few
Day 14	0.01	0.05	1.0	2 h	Many
Day 21	0.01	0.05	0.1	2 h	Many
Day 28	0.005	0.05	0.1	2 h	Many
Day 35	0.005	0.05	0.1	15 min	Very many
Day 42	0.005	0.05	0.1	15 min	Very many

^aObserved by light microscopy
^bFew ≤ 5 vesicle per parasite, many = 5–20 vesicles per parasite, and very many ≥20 vesicles per parasite

ISSN: 2049-9957