Table 2 Dietary risk factors and association with CCA
| Â | Food | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Casesa | Comparison | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Raw fish dishes | ||||||
|  | koi pla | 10.2 | 3.05–34.1 | 77 | never vs daily | Songserm 2012 [24] |
|  | raw cyprinoid fish | 3.4 | 1.05–11.01 | 100 | no or <  1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | raw fish | 2.94 | 1.24–6.96 | 75 | none vs > 2/month | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | koi pla | 2.5 | 1.05–5.74 | 104 | never vs weekly | Songserm 2012 [24] |
|  | koi pla | 1.6 | 0.7–3.5 | 97 | < monthly vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
Fermented fish or meat dishes | ||||||
|  | nitrate containing foodsb | 4.91 | 1.04–23.24 | 216 | never vs often | Poomphakwaen 2009 [2] |
|  | fermented fish or pork | 4.5 | 1.3–15.54 | 71 | none vs > 2/month | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | beef sausage | 3.7 | 1.28–10.7 | 95 | never vs daily | Songserm 2012 [24] |
|  | cooked pla ra | 3 | 0.31–28.84 | 34 | no or <  1/month vs 1–4/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | pla ra, pla chao | 2.25 | 0.92–5.53 | 129 | <  3/day vs > 3/day | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | sour shrimp | 1.93 | 0.47–7.93 | 101 | no or <  1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | uncooked pla ra | 1.75 | 0.74–4.19 | 86 | no or <  1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | pla ra | 1.6 | 0.9–2.8 | 96 | <  3/daily vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
|  | pla chom | 1.6 | 0.57–4.51 | 94 | no or <  1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | sour beef or pork | 1.37 | 0.51–3.65 | 88 | no or <  1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | Chinese or Northeast sausage | 1.3 | 0.51–3.35 | 103 | none vs > 1/month | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | salted fish or meat | 1.01 | 0.41–2.44 | 113 | none vs > 6/year | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | pla chom | 1 | 0.5–1.9 | 98 | < monthly vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
|  | pla som | 0.7 | 0.4–1.3 | 97 | never vs ever | Parkin 1991 [22] |
|  | salted fish | 0.5 | 0.2–0.9 | 96 | < monthly vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
|  | pla chao | 0.5 | 0.2–1.4 | 98 | < monthly vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
Other fish and seafood | ||||||
|  | total fish and shellfish | 1.31 | 0.56–3.04 | 147 | < 0.4 vs > 0.8/day | Poomphakwaen 2009 [2] |
|  | raw shellfish | 0.85 | 0.27–2.74 | 97 | no or <  1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
Fresh meat dishes | ||||||
|  | raw beef or pork | 3.38 | 1.25–9.12 | 91 | no or <  1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | raw sausage | 1.19 | 0.48–2.97 | 86 | no or < 1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | roast meat | 0.74 | 0.25–2.18 | 78 | <  2/week vs > 1/day | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | poultry | 0.62 | 0.23–1.7 | 216 | < 0.2 vs > 0.4/day | Poomphakwaen 2009 [2] |
|  | beef and pork | 0.31 | 0.08–1.2 | 216 | <  0.45 vs > 1/day | Poomphakwaen 2009 [2] |
Fruits and vegetables | ||||||
|  | fruit | 1.72 | 0.85–3.47 | 98 | no or < 1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | fresh fruit | 1.63 | 0.64–4.12 | 107 | <  1/week vs > 2/week | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | cooked fresh vegetables | 1.48 | 0.62–3.51 | 110 | <  3/week vs > 1/day | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | vegetables | 1.36 | 0.61–3.02 | 95 | no or < 1/month vs 3/week | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | fermented vegetables or fruits | 1.18 | 0.44–3.2 | 86 | <  4/week vs > 2/day | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | fruit | 0.7 | 0.33–0.98 | 219 | <  52 vs > 52 times/month | Songserm 2012 [24] |
|  | fresh vegetables | 0.67 | 0.27–1.67 | 95 | <  1/week vs > 2/day | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | vegetables | 0.6 | 0.27–1.36 | 190 | < 1.7 vs > 1.7/day | Poomphakwaen 2009 [2] |
|  | fresh fruit | 0.5 | 0.3–0.9 | 93 | <  3/month vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
|  | fruit | 0.44 | 0.23–0.85 | 156 | < 1 vs > 1/day | Poomphakwaen 2009 [2] |
|  | vegetables | 0.4 | 0.23–0.76 | 219 | <  52 vs > 52/month | Songserm 2012 [24] |
Grains | ||||||
|  | sticky rice | 2.6 | 1.4–4.9 | 94 | <  2/week vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
|  | rice | 1.35 | 0.55–3.27 | 99 | <  4/year vs > 3/month | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | sticky rice | 1.03 | 0.47–2.24 | 125 | <  3/day vs > 3/day | Honjo 2005 [23] |
|  | rice | 0.7 | 0.4–1.2 | 94 | <  3/day vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
Betel nut | ||||||
|  | betel nut | 6.4 | 1.1–39.3 | n/a | < 1/day vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
|  | betel nut | 3 | 0.81–11.08 | 123 | yes or no | Manwong 2013 [25] |
|  | betel nut | 0.69 | 0.18–2.7 | 122 | regular vs never chewing | Honjo 2005 [23] |
Other | ||||||
|  | somtam | 1.9 | 0.55–6.62 | 42 | never vs daily | Songserm 2012 [24] |
|  | monosodium glutamate | 1.8 | 1.0–3.2 | 97 | <  2/day vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |
|  | milk | 0.5 | 0.3–0.9 | 95 | < monthly vs more | Parkin 1991 [22] |