Risk factor | Total CCA Cases (Studies) Included in Analysis | Summary Effect Pooled OR (95% CI, P-value) | Heterogeneity I2 (P-value) |
---|---|---|---|
Behaviors | |||
 Alcohol | 2.61 (1.59–4.31, 0.002)** | 68% (0.01) | |
 Smoking | 1.33 (1.00–1.78, 0.049)* | 0% (0.56) | |
 Alcohol x Smoking | 11.1 (5.63–21.92, < 0.0001)*** | 0% (0.55) | |
Socioeconomics | |||
 Education | 0.46 (0.22–0.97, 0.04)* | 51% (0.11) | |
Diet | |||
 Fruit | 0.8 (0.47–1.38, 0.431) | 71% (0.01) | |
 Vegetables | 0.66 (0.38–1.13, 0.127) | 48% (0.12) | |
 Betel nut | 2.18 (0.62–7.63, 0.223) | 54% (0.11) | |
 Raw fish | 3.26 (1.58–6.71, 0.0014)** | 53% (0.10) | |
 Fermented fish | 1.18 (0.81–1.72, 0.401) | 42% (0.11) | |
 Fermented meats | 1.81 (0.96–3.39, 0.066) | 17% (0.28) | |
 High nitrate foods | 1.41 (1.05–1.91, 0.024)* | 46% (0.01) | |
 Rice | 0.88 (0.48–1.63, 0.688) | 34% (0.22) | |
 Sticky rice | 1.69 (0.68–4.17, 0.258) | 70% (0.07) | |
Genetics | |||
 Family history | 3.0 (1.79–5.04, < 0.0001)*** | 0% (0.64) | |
Immune Response | |||
 Anti-O. viverrini antibody | 6.09 (2.54–14.57, < 0.0001)*** | 70% (0.03) | |
Treatment | |||
 Praziquantel use | 1.93 (1.2–3.1, 0.0065)** | 31% (0.25) | |
Other Infection | |||
 Hepatitis B antigen | 1.3 (0.59–2.85, 0.514) | 0% (0.34) |