Table 3 Treatment regimens for human toxocariasis
From: Toxocariasis: a silent threat with a progressive public health impact
Clinical forms | Alternatives | Regimens | Remarks | Therapeutic efficacy |
|---|---|---|---|---|
VLM | ||||
First choice | 400 mg orally twice a day for 5 days | Mild side effects (e.g. dizziness, nausea, abdominal pain) were observed in some patients | The cure rates (45–70%) | |
Second choice | 100–200 mg orally twice a day for 5 days | Mild side effects similar to adverse effects caused by ABZ | The cure rates (45–70%) | |
Alternative choice | 40Â mg/kg per day for 6Â months | Hypersensitivity (e.g. itching, urticaria and edema) | Reduced clinical signs in 70% of patients | |
Sodium lauryl sulfate containing chitosan-encapsulated ABZ (ABZ/CH); polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated (‘pegylated’) form of ABZ (ABZ/PEG); liposome-encapsulated ABZ stabilized with PEG (ABZ/PEG-LE); phytochemical compounds (compound 17, or C17) [100, 141,142,143,144] | Other treatments | Only used in mice models | To increase efficacy, co-administration of a fatty meal with the drugs are recommended for treatment of VLM; liposomal formulations can overcome low drug absorptivity in mice [97, 145] | Uncertain |
OT | ||||
Corticosteroid in combination with ABZ [98] | First choice | 400Â mg of ABZ orally twice a day for 5Â days | Prevents scarring, vitreous opacification, membrane formation and vision loss; corticosteroid can increase blood level of ABZ | Uncertain |
Alternative choice | Vitreoretinal surgery treatment e.g. pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), laser photocoagulation, and cryotherapy | Indicated in cases of retinal detachment, epiretinal membrane, persistent vitreous opacity, and cataracts. | NR | |
Other treatments | 200Â mg twice a day for one month and 400 or 800Â mg twice a day for 2Â weeks | Reversible side effects, such as hepatotoxicity, leucopenia, and alopecia; should be avoided during pregnancy | Uncertain | |
Other treatments | 20 to 25Â mg/kg/day for 3 weeks | The optimal duration of treatment is unknown | Uncertain | |
Other treatments | 25 to 50 mg/kg/day for 5–7 days | The optimal duration of treatment is unknown | Uncertain | |
CT | ||||
ABZ [105] | First choice | 200Â mg twice a day for one month and 400 or 800Â mg twice a day for 2Â weeks | ABZ is better tolerated than thiabendazole | Uncertain |