Helminths of veterinary and zoonotic importance in Nigerian ruminants: a 46-year meta-analysis (1970–2016) of their prevalence and distribution

Table 2 Pooled prevalence estimates of helminths in Nigerian ruminants based on different strata

Variables	No. of Studies	Pooled prevalence estimates			(95% CI)	Heterogeneity
Variables	No. of Studies	Sample size	Cases	Prev. (%)	(95% CI)	I² (%)	Q-P
Region
North-central	10	20 160	4713	23.38	22.80–23.97	99.71	0.000
North-east	9	152 517	7246	4.75	4.64–4.86	99.84	0.000
North-west	11	92 513	1926	2.08	1.99–2.18	99.79	0.000
South-east	4	28 080	7498	26.70	26.19–27.22	99.46	0.000
South-south	4	23 237	734	3.16	2.94–3.39	99.83	0.000
South-west	6	3701	1820	49.18	47.55–50.80	99.52	0.000
Hosts
Cattle	32	154 953	19 446	12.55	12.39–12.72	99.75	0.000
Goat	20	113 563	3510	3.09	2.99–3.19	99.60	0.000
Sheep	12	51 692	981	1.90	1.78–2.02	99.55	0.000
Study period
1970–1981	2	17 592	5726	32.55	31.86–33.25	95.93	0.000
1982–1993	3	2524	1090	43.19	41.24–45.14	99.75	0.000
1994–2005	5	117 606	8936	7.60	7.45–7.75	99.87	0.000
2006–2016	34	182 486	8185	4.49	4.39–4.58	99.76	0.000
Sample size
≤1000	28	9345	4070	43.55	42.54–44.57	98.81	0.000
1001–2000	5	5916	3044	51.45	50.17–52.73	99.46	0.000
> 2000	11	304 947	16 823	5.52	5.44–5.60	99.92	0.000
Study type
Abattoir-based	36	314 679	20 919	6.65	6.56–6.73	99.79	0.000
Farm-based	6	4127	2163	52.41	50.87–53.94	99.76	0.000
Market-based	2	1402	855	60.98	58.37–63.55	97.98	0.000
MOD
Macroscopy	10	209 753	13 112	6.25	6.15–6.36	99.91	0.000
Microscopy	31	109 098	10 154	9.31	9.14–9.48	99.63	0.000
Serology	3	1357	671	49.45	46.75–52.14	99.49	0.000
Overall	44	320 208	23 937	7.48	7.38–7.57	99.78	0.000

P < 0.001 for all strata; CI: Confidence interval; I²: Inverse variance index; MOD: Method of diagnosis; Prev.: Prevalence; Q-P: Cochran’s P-value

ISSN: 2049-9957