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Table 4 Studies identified exploring relation between antimicrobial resistance and education level

From: Investigating the impact of poverty on colonization and infection with drug-resistant organisms in humans: a systematic review

Authors and year

Country

Study design

Participants

Population

Measurement level of poverty

Microorganism

Colonisation /infection

Association with AMR

ICROMS score

Nomamiukor et al. 2015 [35]

UK

Retrospective data analysis

2775

Primary healthcare patients in 2 cities in Northwest England

Community

Resistant

Escherichia coli

Not specified

Positive

Not applicable

Trecker et al. 2014 [32]

China

Cross-sectional

384

Patients from hospital in Shanghai

Individual

Resistant

Neisseria gonorrheae

Infection

Positive

Not applicable

Boyanova et al. 2009 [38]

Bulgaria

Cohort

266

Untreated Helicobacter pylori patients from 4 hospitals in Sofia

Individual

Resistant

H. pylori

Not specified

Negative

19

Kristiansson et al. 2009 [37]

Peru

Cross-sectional

nearly 1600

2 rural communities in Amazonian Peru

Household

Resistant

E. coli

Not specified

Negative

Not applicable

Seidman et al. 2009 [6]

India

Cross-sectional

120

2 rural villages in Tamil Nadu

Household

Resistant

E. coli

Colonisation

Positive

Not applicable

Duerink et al. 2007 [31]

Indonesia

Retrospective data analysis

3275

Patients from 2 hospitals and 3 primary health centres in 2 cities in Java

Household

Resistant

E. coli

Colonisation

Negative

Not applicable

Nilsson and Laurell 2005

Sweden

Retrospective data analysis

766

Residents from Malmö

Community

Penicillin non-susceptible

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Not specified

Negative

Not applicable

Garcia-Rey et al. 2004 [34]

Spain

Retrospective data analysis

2726

Isolates from laboratories from 15 provinces in Spain; Official provincial population demographic data from the National Statistics System

Community

Resistant

S. pneumoniae

Not specified

Positive

Not applicable

Huang et al. 2004 [33]

USA

Cohort study

742

Young children from 16 Massachusetts communities

Community

Resistant

S. pneumoniae

Both

Positive

20

  1. AMR Antimicrobial resistance, ICROMS Integrated quality criteria for review of multiple study designs