Association between helminth infections and diabetes mellitus in adults from the Lao People’s Democratic Republic: a cross-sectional study

Table 4 Independent association of single infections and infection groups with HbA1c in all participants^a

Infections	Adjusted for other infections, study site, age, sex, SES status, education status, smoking status, alcohol consumption and haemoglobin level		Additionally adjusted for BMI and physical inactivity
Infections	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Grouped infections^b (N = 1474)
Nematodes	−0.040	−0.081–0.002	−0.035	−0.076–0.006
Trematodes	−0.003	−0.027–0.021	−0.0003	−0.023–0.024
Cestodes Taenia spp.	0.112	0.037–0.188	0.117	0.042–0.200
Single infection^c (N = 1466)^d
Hookworm	−0.030	−0.083–0.021	−0.025	−0.076–0.027
Opisthorchis viverrini	−0.009	− 0.035–0.017	− 0.002	− 0.025–0.022
Minute intestinal flukes	0.021	− 0.028–0.069	0.011	− 0.034–0.056
Strongyloides stercoralis	−0.043	− 0.128–0.014	− 0.046	−0.116–0.024
Trichuris trichiura	−0.043	− 0.202–0.115	−0.063	− 0.220–0.094
Taenia spp.	0.114	0.039–0.190	0.116	0.042–0.192

^aParticipants excluding participants self-reporting a physician-diagnosis of DM and intake of DM medication
^bModel including infection groups nematodes (yes vs no), trematode infection (yes vs. no), and cestodes (yes vs no)
^cModel including single infections hookworm (yes vs no), O. viverrini (yes vs no), minute intestinal flukes (yes vs no), Strongyloides stercoralis (yes vs no), Trichuris trichiura (yes vs no) and Taenia spp./cestodes (yes vs no)
^dSubjects with other rare types of infections were excluded from this analysis
CI: Confidence interval

ISSN: 2049-9957