Table 1 The overall information of LAMP assays for helminths

C. sinensis

Adult

Bile duct

Cat

Cathepsin B3

AY273803

0.01 ng of DNA/rxn

100%

[60]

Metacercaria

Muscle

Fish

9 metacercarias/gram

Sporocyst, redia, cercaria

Tissue

Snail, shrimp, fish

ITS-2

AF217099

10 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[12]

(0.0002 C. sinensis per snail)

Adult

Bile duct

Rat

Cox1

AF181889

100 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[26]

Egg

Stool

Human

10 EPGs

F. hepatica

Adult

–

Cattle, goat, rabbit, sheep, horse

IGS

GU903890

10 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[65]

Egg

Stool

Sheep

ITS-2

JF708043

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[66]

GQ231547

JF708026

JF708036

HM746786

AM709622

JF432071

JF432074

JF496714

KF425321

AM850108

HM746788

JN828956

Egg

Stool

Sheep and cattle

ITS-2

DQ683546, JF824668, KJ200622, AB207148

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[67]

F. gigantica

Adult, egg and cercaria

–

Cattle, sheep, buffalo and snail

IGS

GU903891

0.01 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[65]

O. viverrini

Adult

Bile duct

Hamster

ITS-1

EU038151

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[61]

Cercaria

Tissue

Snail

–

100%

Metacercaria

Muscle

Fish

–

100%

Adult

Bile duct

Hamster

–

Cross reaction with O. felineus, F. gigantica and Haplorchoihoides sp., no template-free amplification

[14]

Egg, Adult and metacercaria

Stool

Human

Nad1

EU443831, DQ882172, DQ882174, EU443833, EU443832, DQ882175, GQ401025, GQ401064, GQ401046, GQ401060, GQ401082, GQ401096, EU022343, EU022346, EU022348, EU022350

1 pg to 100 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[62]

Metacercaria and metacercarial cyst

Muscle

Fish

–

100%

Egg

Stool

Human

–

100%

Adult

Bile duct

Hamster

OvMS6

DQ144069

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[14]

Amphimerus spp.

Adult

Liver

Cats and dogs

ITS-2

AB678442.1

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[64]

Egg

Stool

Human

–

–

P. westermani

Metacercaria

Muscle

Freshwater crab and crayfish

ITS-2

AF159604

0.01 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[15]

1 metacercaria/gram

Egg

Sputum and pleural fluid

Human

–

100%

S. japonicum

Adult, egg, cercaria

Liver homogenate, stool and serum

Rabbit

SjR2

AF412221

0.08 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[16]

SjR2

AY027869

–

Serum

Rabbit

positive from 1 week p.i. with 500 cercariae

–

Adult

–

–

100 fg of DNA/rxn

Cross reaction with Sch. mansoni; no template-free amplification

[69]

–

Serum

Rabbit

positive from 1 week p.i. with 200 cercariae

–

–

Serum

Rabbit

SjR2

AF412221

positive from 3 days p.i. with 30 cercariae

–

[70]

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

28S rDNA

Z46504

100 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[68]

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

positive from 1 day p.i with 1 miracidium

–

1 infected snail in 100 non-infected snails

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

100 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[27]

S. mansoni

Adult

–

Mouse

Sm1–7

M36086

0.1 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[71]

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

positive from 1 day p.i. with 10 miracidia

–

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

positive from 1 day p.i. with 1 miracidium

–

[72]

–

Plasma/Serum

Mouse

0.5 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[74]

positive from 1 week p.i. with 200 cercariae

Adult

–

–

Minisatellite DNA region

L27240

1 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[73]

–

Stool

Mouse

positive from 1 week p.i. with 200 cercariae.

100%

Adult

–

–

IGS

AJ223842

0.1 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[75]

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

positive from 1 day p.i. with 1 miracidium

100%

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

SmITS

L27240.1, AY446082.1, M63265.1, AF130787.1

70 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[13]

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

1 infected snail in 1000 non-infected snails

100%

S. haematobium

Adult

–

–

DraI

–

0.1 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[71]

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

positive from 1 day p.i. with 5 miracidia

100%

Miracidium

Tissue

Snail

positive from 1 day p.i. with 1 miracidium

100%

[72]

Adult

–

–

18S–28S rDNA

AJ223838

100 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[76]

Egg

Urine

Human

25 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

A. lumbricoides

Egg and adult

Stool

Human

ITS-1

AJ000895

10.8 ng of DNA/rxn

100%

[17]

Adult

Stool

Human

β-tubulin isotype 1 gene

EU814697

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[79]

N. americanus

Egg

Stool

Human

ITS-2

KC896820.1-KC 896825.1,

Y11734,

AF217891,

HQ452515,

HQ455217,

HQ452537-HQ452543, AJ001599

0.4 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[78]

Adult, larva and egg

Stool

Human

β-tubulin isotype 1 gene

EF392851

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[79]

T. trichiura

Adult

–

–

β-tubulin isotype 1 gene

AF034219

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[79]

W. bancrofti

Microfilaria

Blood

Human

WbLDR

AY297458

0.001 microfilariae/rxn

100%

[87]

–

–

–

0.00002 microfilaria /rxn

100%

[86]

Brugian spp.

–

–

–

Hha I

M12691,

AAQA01025653, AAQA01026145, AAQA01018878, AAQA01011954, AAQA01021048,

AAQA01005386, AAQA01005790, AAQA01007277, AAQA01004714, AAQA01005124,

1.0 pg of DNA/rxn

Tested positive for both B.malayi and B. timori

[88]

Microfilaria

Blood

Feline

0.005 microfilariae/rxn

–

B. malayi

–

–

–

1.0 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[86]

O. volvulus

Adult

Skin nodule

Human

OvGST1a

AF265556.1

0.01 ng of DNA/rxn

100%

[83]

Black fiy

0.01 ng of DNA/200 insects

–

–

–

–

0.01 ng of DNA/rxn

100%

[86]

Microfilaria

Skin snip

Human

O-150

J04659

0.1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[84]

Cox1

NC_001861.1

100 DNA copies/rxn

Cross reaction with Ohch. ochengi

[85]

Loa loa

Microfilaria

Blood

Human

LLMF72

HM753552.1

0.2 fg of DNA/rxn

93.00%

[89]

LLMF342

ADBU02000498.1

0.02 pg of DNA/rxn

(qPCR as gold standard)

Adult

Eyes and Blood

Human

LL3M9

M34259.1

0.5 ag of DNA/rxn

100%

[90]

–

–

–

RF4

JPEI01001237.1 JPEI01001554.1 JPEI01001218.1

JPEI01001588.1

JPEI01001706.1

0.126 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[91]

–

Blood

Human

1.6 pg of DNA/rxn

Positive in only 1 of 12 NTCs

D. repens

Larva

Blood

Dog

COI gene

AJ271614,

AM749230-

AM749234,

DQ358814,

JF461458,

KF692102

0.15 fg of DNA/rxn by real time-LAMP, and 10 fg of DNA/rxn by PI-LAMP

100%

[92]

S. Stercoralis(S. ratti or S. venezuelensis as laboratory model)

Infective third stage larva

Stool

Human

28S rRNA gene

DQ14570.1

< 10 copies of DNA/rxn

< 0.01 of a larva/rxn

100%

[52]

Infective third stage larva

Stool

Wistar rats

18S rRNA gene

AJ417026.1

Positive from 6 days p.i. with 40 iL3, from 5 days p.i. with 400 iL3 or 4000 iL3

100%

[82]

urine

Positive from 6 days p.i. with 40 iL3, from 3 days p.i. with 400 iL3 or 4000 iL3

100%

A. cantonensis

The first stage larva

Lung

snail

18S rRNA gene

AY295804.1

1 fg of DNA/rxn

100%

[93]

The third stage larva

Tissue

snail

ITS-1

GU587760.1

0.32 larvae/0.1 g of snail tissue

–

[94]

Adult

Tissue

snail

0.01 ng of DNA/rxn

100%

T. spiralis

Larva

Muscle

Mice

Repetitive DNA

X06625

0.724 fg of DNA/rxn

Cross reaction with positive controls, including Tri. nativa, Tri. pseudospiralis and Tri. nelsoni, no cross reaction with heterologous species, no template-free amplification

[95]

0.002 larvae/rxn

0.01 larvae/g of muscle tissue

mt-lsrDNA

GU339148.1

0.1 pg/rxn

100%

[96]

T. canis

Egg

–

–

ITS-2

AJ002440,

0.1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[81]

Egg

Sand

–

3 eggs/10 g of sand

Adult

Stool

Dog

0.1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[80]

3 eggs/30 g of stools

T. catti

Egg

Sand

–

ITS-2

AJ002441

0.1 pg/rxn

100%

[81]

B. xylophilus

–

–

–

ITS

AB500146- AB500156

(accessed in DDBJ)

10 copies of DNA/rxn

100%

[97]

–

Wood

–

2.5 × 10^(−5) of a nematode/rxn

–

H. contortus

Egg

Stool

Sheep

ITS-1

–

5 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[98]

Adult

–

Goat

ITS-2

X78803.1

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[99]

T. solium

Proglottid and cysticercus

Cyst fluid

Mouse

Cox1

AB086256

–

100%

[100]

Proglottid and cysticercus

Cyst fluid

Mouse

Clp

AB441815

1 copy of DNA/rxn

100%

T. saginata

Proglottid and cysticercus

Cyst fluid

Mouse

Cox1

AY684274

–

100%

[100]

Egg

Stool

Human

5 EPG

100%

Proglottid and cysticercus

Cyst fluid

Mouse

Clp

AB441816

1 copy of DNA/rxn

100%

Egg

Stool

Human

more than 10 EPG

97.4%(confirmed by multiplex PCR with Cox1 genes)

T. asiatica

Proglottid and cysticercus

Cyst fluid

Mouse

Cox1

AF445798

–

100%

[100]

Egg

Stool

Human

5 EPG

100%

E. granulosus

Protoscolex

Liver

Sheep

Repeat region sequence

DQ157697

100 fg DNA/200 μl

100%

[105]

Egg

Stool

Dog

1 pg/200 mg feces

–

5 EPG

Egg

Stool

Dog

Nad5

AF297617

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[106]

Egg

Stool

Dog

positive from 22 days p.i. with 10 000 protoscoleces

–

Egg and larva

Stool

Dog

10 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[104]

E. granulosus sensu stricto

Protoscolex

–

–

Nad1

AF297617

1/10 or 1/50 of one proscolex

E. granulosus G1, E. granulosus G3 positive;

[108]

100%

E. equinus

Protoscolex

–

–

Nad1

AF346403

1/10 or 1/50 of one proscolex

100%

[108]

E. Canadensis

Protoscolex

–

–

Nad1

AB208063

1/10 or 1/50 of one proscolex

E. Canadensis G6, E. Canadensis G7, E. Canadensis G8, E. Canadensis G10 positive;

[108]

100%

E. felidi

Egg

–

–

Nad1

EF558357

1/10 and 1/50 egg

100%

[105]

E. ortleppi

Protoscolex

–

–

Nad1

AB235846

1/10 or 1/50 of one proscolex

100%

[105]

Protoscolex and associated germinal layer

Hydatid cyst

Camel and human

Nad1

JN637177

10 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[109]

E. multilocularis

Protoscolex

Multilocular cystic masses

Mouse

Nad5

AB031351

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[107]

Egg

Stool

Dog

positive from 12 days p.i. with 10 000 protoscoleces

100%

Larva

–

Human

Cox1

AB46141

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[104]

Egg

Stool

Dog

5 egg of DNA extraction

100%

E. shiquicus

Adult

–

Fox

Cox1

JF90613

10 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[104]

T. hydatigena

Adult

–

Fox

Cox1

JN83129

10 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[104]

Egg

Stool

Dog

1 egg of DNA extraction

100%

T. multiceps

Larva

–

Sheep

Nad1

KC79480

1 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[104]

Egg

Stool

Dog

2 egg of DNA extraction

100%

T. crassiceps

Larvae

–

Gerbil

Cox1

EU54454

10 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[104]

T. pisiofmi

Adult

–

Dog

Cox1

JX67796

10 pg of DNA/rxn

100%

[104]