Table 1 Phenomena of “infection against infection”

Between Parasites and parasites

Heterorhabditis baujardi against Fasciola hepatica^c;

Inhibiting transmission

66.66%

[12]

H. baujardi against F. gigantica^c;

Inhibiting transmission

66.66%

[12]

Angiostrongylus cantonensis against Schistosoma mansoni^c;

Inhibiting transmission

12.45%

[13]

Trichinella spiralis against Plasmodium berghei^c;

Decreasing parasitaemia

47.50%

[15]

Ascaris lumbricoides against P. falciparum^a,d;

Attenuating symptoms

24.00%

[16]

Trichuris trichiura against

Attenuating symptoms

27.50%

[17]

P. falciparum ^d

Decreasing parasitaemia

28.00%

[18, 19]

S. haematobium against P. falciparum^a

Attenuating symptoms

76.00%

[20]

S. mansoni against P. knowlesi;

Inhibiting propagation

88.82%

[21]

S. mansoni against P. yoelii^a;

Inhibiting propagation

31.70%

[22]

Litomosoides sigmodontis against P. berghei;

Inhibiting propagation

22.00%

[23]

Trichostrongylus colubriformis against Haemonchus contortus;

Decreasing parasitaemia

74.07%

[24]

Babesia microti against P. cynomolgi

Between Parasites and bacteria

Enterobacter amnigenus against P. vivax ^c;

Inhibiting transmission

94.37%

[25]

Enterobacter cloacae against P. vivax ^c;

Inhibiting transmission

83.10%

[25]

Serratia marcescens against P. vivax ^c;

Inhibiting transmission

98.59%

[25]

Ewingella americana against P. falciparum ^c;

Inhibiting transmission

38.00%

[26]

Salmonella typhimurium against Schistosoma;

Decreasing parasitaemia and attenuating symptoms

56.82%,

[27]

Giardia muris against Citrobacter rodentium;

Inhibiting propagation

42.86%

[28]

Wolbachia (wMelPop strain) against P. falciparum ^c;

Decreasing parasitaemia

46.78%

[29]

Wolbachia (wMelPop strain) against P. berghei ^c;

Decreasing parasitaemia

33.00%

[11]

Wolbachia (wMelPo strain) against P. gallinaceum ^c

Inhibiting propagation

79.50%

[30]

80.00%

Between Parasites and Viruses

Plasmodium against chikungunya virus;

Attenuating symptoms

39.50%

[31, 32]

Heligmosomoides polygyrus against respiratory syncytial virus;

Attenuating symptoms

42.06%

[33]

Echinoparyphium against ranavirus

Decreasing viral loads

23.50%

[34]