Fig. 1

Knockdown and resistance factor of wild Anopheles coluzzii populations from non-agricultural (Vitre in column a) and agricultural areas (Tiassale in column b and Gagnoa in Column c) and exposed to three neonicotinoids. We were unable to generate a regression curve for clothianidin as only two time-points knockdown data were recorded after 30 min exposure with more than 90% mosquito’s dead in less than 15 min. The resistance ratio (RR) was calculated as the time necessary to allow 50% of test mosquitoes to be knocked down (KDT₅₀) of the wild strain divided by the KDT₅₀ the susceptible Kisumu strain. We could not calculate the RR for imidachloprid in Gagnoa because only one mosquito was knocked down after exposure. This was referred here as +++ (extremely high)