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Table 2 Rates of tuberculosis and mental illness symptom comorbidity

From: Comorbidities between tuberculosis and common mental disorders: a scoping review of epidemiological patterns and person-centred care interventions from low-to-middle income and BRICS countries

Citation

Country

Population group

Comorbidity rates

   

Depression

Anxiety

Alcohol use

General mental health

   

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Total

Male

Female

Total

Aamir et al. 2010 [36]

Pakistan

TB patients

–

–

35.3% high depression/anxiety; 36.9% moderate depression/anxiety

–

–

35.3% high depression/anxiety; 36.9% moderate depression/ anxiety

–

–

–

–

–

–

Kendall et al. 2013 [37]

South Africa

MDR-TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

63% recent use

–

–

3% psychiatric comorbidity

Ugarte-Gil et al. 2013 [38]

Peru

TB patients

–

–

37%

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Ahmad et al. 2016 [39]

Pakistan

MDR-TB patients

–

–

76% (depression risk)

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Xu et al. 2017 [40]

China

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

63.1%v psychological distress

70.3% psychological distress

65.2% psychological distress

Theron et al. 2015 [41]

South Africa

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

26% regular and heavy use

–

–

22% psychological distress

Tola et al. 2017 [11]

Ethiopia

All types of TB

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

15% hazardous and harmful use

–

–

48.9% risk for psychological distress

Laprawat et al. 2017 [42]

Thailand

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

24.4% hazardous and harmful use

–

–

–

Hussain et al. 2008 [43]

Pakistan

TB patients

–

–

46.3%

–

–

47.2%

–

–

–

–

–

–

Singh et al. 2015 [44]

India

TB patients

–

–

12%

–

–

5%

–

–

4%

–

–

24%

Chandrashekar et al. 2012 [45]

India

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

46%

Srivastava et al. 2014 [46]

India

TB patients

–

–

84%

–

–

2%

–

–

–

–

–

–

Duko et al. 2015 [47]

Ethiopia

TB patients

–

–

43.4%

–

–

41.5%

–

–

–

–

–

40.6%

Mohammed et al. 2015 [48]

Sudan

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

13.1% poor mental quality of health

Kehbila et al. 2016 [49]

Cameroon

TB patients

22.6%

38.5%

61.1%

–

–

 

–

–

–

–

–

–

[50]

Kazakhstan

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

10.3%

–

–

–

Koyanagi et al. 2017 [4]

48 LMICs

TB patients

–

–

23.7%

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Das et al. 2014 [51]

India

MDR-TB HIV co-infected patients

–

–

16%

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Ambaw et al. 2017 [52]

Ethiopia

Newly diagnosed TB patients

50.6%

58.1%

54%

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Scuffell et al. 2017 [53]

Peru

XDR-TB patients

–

–

10.2%

–

–

6.1%

–

–

20.4% current alcohol use

26.5% Past alcohol use

–

–

22.4% mental disorder

Vega et al. 2004 [54]

Peru

MDR-TB patients

–

–

52.2%

–

–

8.7%

–

–

–

–

–

–

Peltzer et al. 2012 [55]

South Africa

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

23.3% harmful/hazardous users

33.9%

32.2%

32.9% psychological distress

Dos Santos et al. 2017 [56]

Brazil

Hospitalised TB patients

–

–

31.4%

–

–

38.4%

–

–

–

–

–

–

Galhenage et al. 2016 [57]

Sri Lanka

TB patients

–

–

25.2% (inpatient)

8.5% (clinic)

–

–

12.6% (inpatient)

17.6% (clinic)

–

–

–

–

–

–

Ige & Lasebekan 2011 [58]

Nigeria

TB patients

–

–

45.5%

–

–

 

–

–

–

–

–

–

Van den Heuvel et al. 2013 [59]

Zambia

TB-HIV co-infected patients

–

–

9.3% major depressive disorder

–

–

7.8% generalised anxiety

27.9% any anxiety

–

–

–

–

–

30.9% current suicidality

Zaridze et al. 2009 [60]

Russia

Adults with heavy alcohol use

–

–

–

–

–

–

2.4%a (TB cause of death)

0.4%a (TB cause of death)

–

–

–

–

Augusto et al. 2013 [61]

Brazil

Adult TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

15%

–

–

–

Deponti et al. 2013 [62]

Brazil

Tertiary emergency department patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

34.6%

–

–

–

Hermosilla et al. 2017 [63]

Kazakhstan

Adult TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

10.3%

–

–

–

Jankowska-Polanska et al. 2015 [64]

Poland

Hospitalised TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

31%

7.9%

–

–

–

–

Lackey et al. 2015 [65]

Peru

Adult TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

18.9%

–

–

–

Louw et al. 2016 [66]

South Africa

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

26.8%

–

–

–

Louw et al. 2012 [67]

South Africa

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

23.3%

–

–

–

Méda et al. 2014 [68]

Burkina Faso

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

30.1%

–

–

–

Miller et al. 2016 [69]

Russia

TB patients with alcohol use disorders

10.6%

25.7%

13.3%

–

–

–

18.8 (AUDIT)

15.8 (AUDIT)

18.3 (AUDIT)

–

–

–

O’Connell et al. 2013 [70]

Zambia

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

32.2%

5.9%

–

–

–

–

Thapa et al. 2014 [71]

India

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

25%

3.7%

20.3%

–

–

–

Naidoo et al. 2013 [72]

South Africa

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

16.4% (medium risk)

5.6% (high risk)

–

–

25% (severe psychological distress)

Peltzer et al. 2014 [73]

South Africa

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

26.8%

–

–

83.6% (psychological distress)

Peltzer et al. 2013 [74]

South Africa

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

23.3%

–

–

81% (psychological distress)

Peltzer et al. 2012 [75]

South Africa

PHC TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

31.8%

13.0%

23.2%

–

–

–

Bumburidi et al. 2006 [76]

Kazakhstan

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

4%

–

–

–

Fleming et al. 2006 [77]

Russia

TB patients

–

–

17% moderate depression

43% mild depression

–

–

–

–

–

62% alcohol abuse/dependence

–

–

–

Krupitsky et al. 2006 [78]

Russia

Patients with substance use disorder

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

53% diagnosed with TB

–

–

–

Gelmanova et al. 2007 [79]

Russia

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

19.9% alcoholism at treatment initiation among non-defaulting MDR-TB patients

–

–

–

Jakubowiak et al. 2007 [80]

Russia

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

24% abuse alcohol

47% of defaulters abuse alcohol

–

–

–

Kliiman & Altraja 2010 [81]

Estonia

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

36.9% non-defaulters

67.3% defaulters

–

–

–

Duarte et al. 2009 [82]

Brazil

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

5.3% alcoholism (mortality risk)

–

–

0.9% mental disorders (mortality risk)

Paulo & Peixoto 2016 [83, 84]

Angola

TB patients

42.5%

57.5%

49.4%

–

–

38.3%

–

–

–

41.2%

58.8%

44.4% psychological distress

De Araujo et al. 2014 [85]

Brazil

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

38.3% CMD

21.4% depressive /anxious mood

40.9% somatic symptoms

31.2% energy reduction

6.5% depressive thoughts

Ndishimye et al. 2017 [86]

Romania

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

56% past/current alcohol use

–

–

–

Van den Hof et al. 2013 [87]

Kazakhstan

MDR-TB

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

6%

–

–

–

Vijay et al. (2010) [88]

India

New TB patients under DOTS

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

49.1% alcoholic

–

–

–

Priedeman et al. 2018 [89]

Ukraine

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

25.9%

–

–

–

Shin et al. 2010 [90]

Russia

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

70.6% (lifetime alcohol disorder)

33.3% (abuse)

37.2% (disorder)

28.3% (lifetime alcohol disorder)

13%

(abuse)

15.2% (disorder)

–

–

–

–

Patel et al. (2016) [91]

India

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

58%

–

–

–

Finlay et al. 2012 [92]

South Africa

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

22.9% alcohol use new patients

31.3% alcohol use retreatment patients

–

–

–

Salles et al. 2004 [93]

Brazil

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

12.9% alcoholism

–

–

–

Suhadev et al. 2011 [94]

India

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

29% consume alcohol

48% low risk

29% hazardous

7% harmful

16% alcohol dependence

–

–

–

Kolapan et al. 2007 [95]

India

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

5% alcoholism

–

–

–

Santha et al. 2002 [96]

India

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

25% alcoholism

–

–

–

Roy et al. 2015 [97]

India

TB patients

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

49.4% alcohol use among defaulted TB patients

–

–

–

  1. AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, CMD Common mental disorder, DOTS Directly observed treatment short course, MDR-TB Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, PHC Primary health care, TB tuberculosis, XDR-TB Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
  2. aCalculated from presented data