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Table 1 Participants characteristics and time from onset of symptoms to TB diagnosis

From: Determinants of delayed diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Cambodia: a mixed-methods study

Variables

Median

IQR

Distance from home to health facility, in kilometer

4

2–6

Age, in years

61

52–71

 

Frequency

%

Total participants

721

100.0

Residence

 Urban

266

36.9

 Rural

455

63.1

Sex

 Male

383

53.1

 Female

338

46.9

Education levela

 Primary and lower

605

84.5

 Above primary

111

15.5

Marital status

 Never married

31

4.3

 Currently married

561

77.8

 Widowed/divorced

129

17.9

Ever smoked

 Ever (current and past smokers)

216

30.0

 Never

505

70.0

Current smoker

 Current smoker

132

18.4

 Not current smoker

587

81.6

Current alcohol usea,b

 Non-drinkers

509

71.1

 Drinkers

207

28.9

Presence of other known medical conditions

 Yes

523

72.5

 No

198

27.5

Type of TB

 Bacteriologically confirmed TB

284

39.4

 Clinician diagnosed TB

437

60.6

Type of diagnostic tests performed

 GeneXpert

605

83.9

 Smear microscopy

116

16.1

Cough

 Yes

638

88.5

 No

83

11.5

Hemoptysis

 Yes

124

17.2

 No

597

82.8

Fever

 Yes

391

54.2

 No

330

45.8

Chills

 Yes

126

17.5

 No

595

82.5

Weight loss

 Yes

482

66.9

 No

239

33.1

Night sweats

 Yes

352

48.8

 No

369

51.2

Health care seeking prior to TB diagnosisc

 Public health facilities

244

33.8

 Private health facilities/self-medication

477

66.2

TB knowledged

 Poor

179

24.8

 Good

542

75.2

Perception about the seriousness of TB as a diseasea

 Very serious

275

38.3

 Not very serious

444

61.7

Self-perceived risk of getting TBa

 Yes, at-risk

382

56.8

 No, not at-risk

291

43.2

Total General Health Questionnaire-12 scoree

  ≤ 3

364

50.5

  > 3

357

49.5

  1. SD Standard deviation, IQR Interquartile range, TB Tuberculosis
  2. a Exclude missing values
  3. b Drinkers reported frequency of alcohol use that ranges from once a month or less to 4 times or more per week. Non-drinkers refer to teetotalers
  4. c Participants were asked if they have sought health care prior to TB diagnosis and if so, the facilities that they have visited. Private health facilities referred to pharmacy, private general practitioner, and traditional healer. Self-medication referred to the use of medications without professional advice. Public health facilities referred to government hospitals and health centers
  5. d Evaluated based on the answers from 8 questions regarding the characteristics, symptoms of TB, route of transmission, prevention, and treatment of TB with a total score of 13 (median = 9). Respondents were regarded as having poor TB knowledge if they scored the median and below and good TB knowledge if they scored above the median
  6. e Evaluated based on the total score of the 6 negative items. Scoring method: 0–0–1–1, with 0 = “less than usual”, 0 = “no more than usual”, 1 = “rather more than usual”, or 1 = “much more than usual”