From: Determinants of delayed diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Cambodia: a mixed-methods study
Characteristics | Time from onset of symptoms to TB diagnosis (days) | Time from TB diagnosis to treatment initiation (days) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude HR | 95% CI | P-value | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | P-value | Crude HR | 95% CI | P-value | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | P-value | |
Residence | ||||||||||||
Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Rural | 1.46 | 1.25–1.70 | < 0.001 | 1.25 | 1.06–1.48 | 0.010 | 0.92 | 0.78–1.08 | 0.296 | 0.95 | 0.80–1.13 | 0.562 |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Female | 1.02 | 0.88–1.18 | 0.760 | 0.91 | 0.77–1.06 | 0.217 | 1.05 | 0.90–1.23 | 0.517 | 1.06 | 0.90–1.24 | 0.504 |
Age, in years | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.657 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.259 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.642 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.604 |
Distance from home to the nearest public health facility, in kilometers | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.041 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.115 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.427 | |||
Education level | ||||||||||||
Primary and lower | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Above primary | 0.70 | 0.57–0.86 | 0.001 | 0.78 | 0.62–0.97 | 0.026 | 1.03 | 0.82–1.30 | 0.775 | |||
Cough | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
No | 1.56 | 1.24–1.97 | < 0.001 | 1.52 | 1.18–1.94 | 0.001 | 0.74 | 0.58–0.94 | 0.015 | 0.80 | 0.62–1.03 | 0.078 |
Hemoptysis | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
No | 1.25 | 1.02–1.51 | 0.026 | 1.32 | 1.07–1.63 | 0.010 | 0.92 | 0.74–1.15 | 0.455 | |||
Fever | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
No | 1.28 | 1.10–1.48 | 0.001 | 1.14 | 0.97–1.34 | 0.113 | 0.88 | 0.75–1.04 | 0.125 | |||
Weight loss | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
No | 1.21 | 1.03–1.42 | 0.018 | 0.97 | 0.81–1.16 | 0.719 | 0.83 | 0.70–0.98 | 0.027 | 0.86 | 0.73–1.02 | 0.085 |
Night sweats | ||||||||||||
Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
No | 1.42 | 1.22–1.65 | < 0.001 | 1.24 | 1.05–1.46 | 0.010 | 0.89 | 0.76–1.05 | 0.164 | |||
Health care seeking prior to TB diagnosisa | ||||||||||||
Public health facilities | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Private health facilities/self-medication | 1.27 | 1.09–1.48 | 0.003 | 1.23 | 1.04–1.45 | 0.014 | 0.91 | 0.77–1.07 | 0.265 | |||
TB knowledgeb | ||||||||||||
Poor | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||||||||
Good | 0.82 | 0.69–0.97 | 0.019 | 0.84 | 0.70–1.01 | 0.058 | 0.89 | 0.74–1.06 | 0.199 | |||
Total General Health Questionnaire-12 scorec | ||||||||||||
≤ 3 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
> 3 | 1.26 | 1.08–1.46 | 0.002 | 1.14 | 0.97–1.13 | 0.113 | 0.87 | 0.74–1.02 | 0.089 | 0.88 | 0.75–1.04 | 0.125 |
Self-stigmad | 1.02 | 1.01–1.04 | < 0.001 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.03 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.512 | |||
Type of diagnostic test | ||||||||||||
GeneXpert | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||||||||
Smear microscopy | 0.82 | 0.67–1.00 | 0.048 | 0.91 | 0.73–1.14 | 0.419 | 1.53 | 1.19–1.97 | 0.001 | 1.50 | 1.16–1.95 | 0.002 |