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Table 2 Cox proportional hazard models by time (days) from onset of symptoms to TB diagnosis and from TB diagnosis to treatment initiation among people with TB in the study

From: Determinants of delayed diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis in Cambodia: a mixed-methods study

Characteristics

Time from onset of symptoms to TB diagnosis (days)

Time from TB diagnosis to treatment initiation (days)

Crude HR

95% CI

P-value

Adjusted HR

95% CI

P-value

Crude HR

95% CI

P-value

Adjusted HR

95% CI

P-value

Residence

 Urban

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Rural

1.46

1.25–1.70

<  0.001

1.25

1.06–1.48

0.010

0.92

0.78–1.08

0.296

0.95

0.80–1.13

0.562

Sex

 Male

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Female

1.02

0.88–1.18

0.760

0.91

0.77–1.06

0.217

1.05

0.90–1.23

0.517

1.06

0.90–1.24

0.504

Age, in years

1.00

1.00–1.01

0.657

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.259

1.00

0.99–1.00

0.642

1.00

0.99–1.01

0.604

Distance from home to the nearest public health facility, in kilometers

0.98

0.96–1.00

0.041

0.98

0.96–1.00

0.115

1.01

0.99–1.03

0.427

   

Education level

 Primary and lower

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

     

 Above primary

0.70

0.57–0.86

0.001

0.78

0.62–0.97

0.026

1.03

0.82–1.30

0.775

   

Cough

 Yes

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 No

1.56

1.24–1.97

< 0.001

1.52

1.18–1.94

0.001

0.74

0.58–0.94

0.015

0.80

0.62–1.03

0.078

Hemoptysis

 Yes

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

     

 No

1.25

1.02–1.51

0.026

1.32

1.07–1.63

0.010

0.92

0.74–1.15

0.455

   

Fever

 Yes

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

     

 No

1.28

1.10–1.48

0.001

1.14

0.97–1.34

0.113

0.88

0.75–1.04

0.125

   

Weight loss

 Yes

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 No

1.21

1.03–1.42

0.018

0.97

0.81–1.16

0.719

0.83

0.70–0.98

0.027

0.86

0.73–1.02

0.085

Night sweats

 Yes

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

     

 No

1.42

1.22–1.65

<  0.001

1.24

1.05–1.46

0.010

0.89

0.76–1.05

0.164

   

Health care seeking prior to TB diagnosisa

 Public health facilities

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

     

 Private health facilities/self-medication

1.27

1.09–1.48

0.003

1.23

1.04–1.45

0.014

0.91

0.77–1.07

0.265

   

TB knowledgeb

 Poor

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

     

 Good

0.82

0.69–0.97

0.019

0.84

0.70–1.01

0.058

0.89

0.74–1.06

0.199

   

Total General Health Questionnaire-12 scorec

  ≤ 3

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

  > 3

1.26

1.08–1.46

0.002

1.14

0.97–1.13

0.113

0.87

0.74–1.02

0.089

0.88

0.75–1.04

0.125

Self-stigmad

1.02

1.01–1.04

<  0.001

1.02

1.01–1.03

0.003

1.00

0.99–1.01

0.512

   

Type of diagnostic test

 GeneXpert

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

1.00

  

 Smear microscopy

0.82

0.67–1.00

0.048

0.91

0.73–1.14

0.419

1.53

1.19–1.97

0.001

1.50

1.16–1.95

0.002

  1. HR Hazards ratio, CI confidence interval, ACF Active case finding, PCF Passive case finding, TB Tuberculosis
  2. a Participants were asked if they have sought health care prior to TB diagnosis and the facilities that they have visited. Private health facilities referred to pharmacy, private general practitioner, and traditional healer. Self-medication referred to the use of medications without professional advice. Public health facilities referred to government hospitals and health centers
  3. b Evaluated based on the answers from 8 questions regarding the characteristics, symptoms of TB, route of transmission, prevention, and treatment of TB with a total score of 13 (median = 9). Respondents were regarded as having poor TB knowledge if they scored the median and below and good TB knowledge if they scored above the median
  4. c Evaluated based on the total score of the 6 negative items. Scoring method: 0–0–1–1, with 0 = “less than usual”, 0 = “no more than usual”, 1 = “rather more than usual”, or 1 = “much more than usual”
  5. d Evaluated based on the answers from 12 questions, measured on a Likert scale (0 to 3), with 0 being strongly disagree and 3 being strongly agree. Minimum score is 0 and the maximum possible score is 36. Summary stigma scores from were standardized to 50 with higher scores representing higher level of self-stigma