Table 4 Psychological status of the public under the epidemic of COVID-19 in China
From: Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China
Variable | State anxiety | Â | Trait anxiety | Â | Depression | Â | Psychology abnormality b | Â | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 569) n (%) | No (n = 479) n (%) | Yes (n = 90) n (%) | P value | Total (n = 569) n (%) | No (n = 546) n (%) | Yes (n = 23) n (%) | P value | Total (n = 608) n (%) | No (n = 443) n (%) | Yes (n = 165) n (%) | P value | Total (n = 455) n (%) | No (n = 420) n (%) | Yes (n = 35) n (%) | P value | ||
Gender | Male | 240 (42.2) | 211 (44.1) | 29 (32.2) | 0.037 | 240 (42.2) | 235 (43.0) | 5 (21.7) | 0.043 | 251 (41.3) | 183 (41.3) | 68 (41.2) | 0.983 | 182 (40.0) | 171 (40.7) | 11 (31.4) | 0.281 |
Female | 329 (57.8) | 268 (56.0) | 61 (67.8) | 329 (57.8) | 311 (57.0) | 18 (78.3) | 357 (58.7) | 260 (58.7) | 97 (58.8) | 273 (60.0) | 249 (59.3) | 24 (68.6) | |||||
Age group (years)a | Below 18 (including 18) | _ | _ | _ | 0 | _ | _ | _ | 0 | 34 (5.6) | 21 (4.7) | 13 (7.9) | 0.006 | 24 (5.3) | 21 (5.0) | 3 (8.6) | 0.042 |
19–39 | 321 (56.4) | 282 (58.9) | 39 (43.3) | 321 (56.4) | 316 (57.9) | 5 (21.7) | 321 (52.8) | 219 (49.4) | 102 (61.8) | 239 (52.5) | 213 (50.7) | 26 (74.3) | |||||
40–49 | 149 (26.2) | 135 (28.2) | 14 (15.6) | 149 (26.2) | 148 (27.1) | 1 (4.4) | 149 (24.5) | 122 (27.5) | 27 (16.4) | 117 (25.7) | 113 (26.9) | 4 (11.4) | |||||
50–69 | 99 (17.4) | 62 (12.9) | 37 (41.1) | 99 (17.4) | 82 (15.0) | 17 (73.9) | 99 (16.3) | 76 (17.2) | 23 (13.9) | 71 (15.6) | 69 (16.4) | 2 (5.7) | |||||
Above 70 (including 70) | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | 5 (0.8) | 5 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.9) | 4 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | |||||
Occupation | Government, enterprises and institutions | 136 (23.9) | 114 (23.8) | 22 (24.4) | 0.23 | 136 (23.9) | 134 (24.5) | 2 (8.7) | 0.002 | 136 (22.4) | 111 (25.1) | 25 (15.2) | 0 | 99 (21.8) | 96 (22.9) | 3 (8.6) | 0.181 |
Worker | 122 (21.4) | 109 (22.8) | 13 (14.4) | 122 (21.4) | 117 (21.4) | 5 (21.7) | 123 (20.2) | 90 (20.3) | 33 (20.0) | 96 (21.1) | 89 (21.2) | 7 (20.0) | |||||
Student | 84 (14.8) | 73 (15.2) | 11 (12.2) | 84 (14.8) | 83 (15.2) | 1 (4.4) | 118 (19.4) | 67 (15.1) | 51 (30.9) | 76 (16.7) | 67 (16.0) | 9 (25.7) | |||||
Businessman | 58 (10.2) | 49 (10.2) | 9 (10.0) | 58 (10.2) | 56 (10.3) | 2 (8.7) | 58 (9.5) | 44 (9.9) | 14 (8.5) | 50 (11.0) | 45 (10.7) | 5 (14.3) | |||||
Medical staff | 58 (10.2) | 48 (10.0) | 10 (11.1) | 58 (10.2) | 56 (10.3) | 2 (8.7) | 58 (9.5) | 42 (9.5) | 16 (9.7) | 46 (10.1) | 42 (10.0) | 4 (11.4) | |||||
Unemployed | 27 (4.8) | 19 (4.0) | 8 (8.9) | 27 (4.8) | 22 (4.0) | 5 (21.7) | 27 (4.4) | 17 (3.8) | 10 (6.1) | 24 (5.3) | 20 (4.8) | 4 (11.4) | |||||
Other | 84 (14.8) | 67 (14.0) | 17 (18.9) | 84 (14.8) | 78 (14.3) | 6 (26.1) | 88 (14.5) | 72 (16.3) | 16 (9.7) | 64 (14.1) | 61 (14.5) | 3 (8.6) | |||||
Education level | Primary school degree | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.777 | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.027 | 5 (0.8) | 5 (1.1) | 0 (0.0) | 0.173 | 4 (0.9) | 4 (1.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.95 |
Junior high school degree | 37 (6.5) | 30 (6.3) | 7 (7.8) | 37 (6.5) | 34 (6.2) | 3 (13.0) | 54 (8.9) | 33 (7.5) | 21 (12.7) | 43 (9.5) | 40 (9.5) | 3 (8.6) | |||||
High school degree | 74 (13.0) | 60 (12.5) | 14 (15.6) | 74 (13.0) | 67 (12.3) | 7 (30.4) | 80 (13.2) | 61 (13.8) | 19 (11.5) | 68 (15.0) | 62 (14.8) | 6 (17.1) | |||||
College degree | 377 (66.3) | 318 (66.4) | 59 (65.6) | 377 (66.3) | 364 (66.7) | 13 (56.5) | 389 (64.0) | 287 (64.8) | 102 (61.8) | 290 (63.7) | 267 (63.6) | 23 (65.7) | |||||
Master or doctor degree | 79 (13.9) | 69 (14.4) | 10 (11.1) | 79 (13.9) | 79 (14.5) | 0 (0.0) | 80 (13.2) | 57 (12.9) | 23 (13.9) | 50 (11.0) | 47 (11.2) | 3 (8.6) | |||||
City or region | Hubei province | 49 (8.6) | 38 (7.9) | 11 (12.2) | 0.134 | 49 (8.6) | 43 (7.9) | 6 (26.1) | 0.006 | 61 (10.0) | 41 (9.3) | 20 (12.1) | 0.298 | 40 (8.8) | 39 (9.3) | 1 (2.9) | 0.178 |
Guangdong province | 245 (43.1) | 214 (44.7) | 31 (34.4) | 245 (43.1) | 235 (43.0) | 10 (43.5) | 264 (43.4) | 200 (45.2) | 64 (38.8) | 203 (44.6) | 190 (45.2) | 13 (37.1) | |||||
Other province or regions | 275 (48.3) | 227 (47.4) | 48 (53.3) | 275 (48.3) | 268 (49.1) | 7 (30.4) | 283 (46.6) | 202 (45.6) | 81 (49.1) | 212 (46.6) | 191 (45.5) | 21 (60.0) | |||||
History of epidemiological exposure | Yes | 54 (9.5) | 38 (7.9) | 16 (17.8) | 0.003 | 54 (9.5) | 46 (8.4) | 8 (34.8) | 0 | 59 (9.7) | 38 (8.6) | 21 (12.7) | 0.124 | 40 (8.8) | 40 (9.5) | 0 (0.0) | 0.109 |
No | 515 (90.5) | 441 (92.1) | 74 (82.2) | 515 (90.5) | 500 (91.6) | 15 (65.2) | 549 (90.3) | 405 (91.4) | 144 (87.3) | 415 (91.2) | 380 (90.5) | 35 (100.0) | |||||
Someone around you diagnosed as (suspected) epidemiological carrier | Yes | 17 (3.0) | 12 (2.5) | 5 (5.6) | 0.222 | 17 (3.0) | 15 (2.8) | 2 (8.7) | 0.147 | 19 (3.1) | 10 (2.3) | 9 (5.5) | 0.044 | 12 (2.6) | 11 (2.6) | 1 (2.9) | 1 |
No | 552 (97.0) | 467 (97.5) | 85 (94.4) | 552 (97.0) | 531 (97.3) | 21 (91.3) | 589 (96.9) | 433 (97.7) | 156 (94.6) | 443 (97.4) | 409 (97.4) | 34 (97.1) | |||||
Someone around you who is a medical staff withstanding SARI | Yes | 271 (47.6) | 225 (47.0) | 46 (51.1) | 0.471 | 271 (47.6) | 261 (47.8) | 10 (43.5) | 0.684 | 281 (46.2) | 208 (47.0) | 73 (44.2) | 0.551 | 219 (48.1) | 202 (48.1) | 17 (48.6) | 0.957 |
No | 298 (52.4) | 254 (53.0) | 44 (48.9) | 298 (52.4) | 285 (52.2) | 13 (56.5) | 327 (53.8) | 235 (53.1) | 92 (55.8) | 236 (51.9) | 218 (51.9) | 18 (51.4) | |||||
Knowledge about COVID-19 | Nothing | 12 (2.1) | 7 (1.5) | 5 (5.6) | 0.004 | 12 (2.1) | 10 (1.8) | 2 (8.7) | 0.021 | 12 (2.0) | 7 (1.6) | 5 (3.0) | 0.028 | 11 (2.4) | 10 (2.4) | 1 (2.9) | 0.184 |
A little | 25 (4.4) | 21 (4.4) | 4 (4.4) | 25 (4.4) | 22 (4.0) | 3 (13.0) | 29 (4.8) | 15 (3.4) | 14 (8.5) | 20 (4.4) | 16 (3.8) | 4 (11.4) | |||||
Some | 130 (22.9) | 101 (21.1) | 29 (32.2) | 130 (22.9) | 123 (22.5) | 7 (30.4) | 140 (23.0) | 97 (21.9) | 43 (26.1) | 96 (21.1) | 87 (20.7) | 9 (25.7) | |||||
Much | 300 (52.7) | 256 (53.4) | 44 (48.9) | 300 (52.7) | 291 (53.3) | 9 (39.1) | 317 (52.1) | 239 (54.0) | 78 (47.3) | 236 (51.9) | 219 (52.1) | 17 (48.6) | |||||
Very much | 102 (17.9) | 94 (19.6) | 8 (8.9) | 102 (17.9) | 100 (18.3) | 2 (8.7) | 110 (18.1) | 85 (19.2) | 25 (15.2) | 92 (20.2) | 88 (21.0) | 4 (11.4) | |||||
The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on your life or work | Almost nothing | 16 (2.8) | 14 (2.9) | 2 (2.2) | 0.329 | 16 (2.8) | 15 (2.8) | 1 (4.4) | 0.83 | 23 (3.8) | 18 (4.1) | 5 (3.0) | 0.387 | 18 (4.0) | 17 (4.1) | 1 (2.9) | 0.09 |
Some | 154 (27.1) | 136 (28.4) | 18 (20.0) | 154 (27.1) | 148 (27.1) | 6 (26.1) | 164 (27.0) | 123 (27.8) | 41 (24.9) | 121 (26.6) | 114 (27.1) | 7 (20.0) | |||||
Much | 308 (54.1) | 256 (53.4) | 52 (57.8) | 308 (54.1) | 297 (54.4) | 11 (47.8) | 327 (53.8) | 240 (54.2) | 87 (52.7) | 242 (53.2) | 226 (53.8) | 16 (45.7) | |||||
Very much | 91 (16.0) | 73 (15.2) | 18 (20.0) | 91 (16.0) | 86 (15.8) | 5 (21.7) | 94 (15.5) | 62 (14.0) | 32 (19.4) | 74 (16.3) | 63 (15.0) | 11 (31.4) | |||||
Degree of worry about epidemiological infection | Not at all | 46 (8.1) | 44 (9.2) | 2 (2.2) | 0 | 46 (8.1) | 44 (8.1) | 2 (8.7) | 0.308 | 50 (8.2) | 48 (8.3) | 2 (6.9) | 0.175 | 34 (7.5) | 32 (7.6) | 2 (5.7) | 0.171 |
A little | 310 (54.5) | 273 (57.0) | 37 (41.1) | 310 (54.5) | 299 (54.8) | 11 (47.8) | 336 (55.3) | 324 (56.0) | 12 (41.4) | 250 (55.0) | 236 (56.2) | 14 (40.0) | |||||
Much | 118 (20.7) | 97 (20.3) | 21 (23.3) | 118 (20.7) | 115 (21.1) | 3 (13.0) | 121 (19.9) | 115 (19.9) | 6 (20.7) | 92 (20.2) | 83 (19.8) | 9 (25.7) | |||||
Very much | 95 (16.7) | 65 (13.6) | 30 (33.3) | 95 (16.7) | 88 (16.1) | 7 (30.4) | 101 (16.6) | 92 (15.9) | 9 (31.0) | 79 (17.4) | 69 (16.4) | 10 (28.6) | |||||
Confidence about overcoming this outbreak | Nothing | 5 (0.9) | 4 (0.8) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 5 (0.9) | 5 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 0.186 | 5 (0.8) | 3 (0.7) | 2 (1.2) | 0 | 3 (0.7) | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.077 |
A little | 131 (23.0) | 91 (19.0) | 40 (44.4) | 131 (23.0) | 123 (22.5) | 8 (34.8) | 139 (22.9) | 83 (18.7) | 56 (33.9) | 99 (21.8) | 88 (21.0) | 11 (31.4) | |||||
Much | 164 (28.8) | 138 (28.8) | 26 (28.9) | 164 (28.8) | 155 (28.4) | 9 (39.1) | 175 (28.8) | 123 (27.8) | 52 (31.5) | 130 (28.6) | 116 (27.6) | 14 (40.0) | |||||
Very much | 269 (47.3) | 246 (51.4) | 23 (25.6) | 269 (47.3) | 263 (48.2) | 6 (26.1) | 289 (47.5) | 234 (52.8) | 55 (33.3) | 223 (49.0) | 213 (50.7) | 10 (28.6) | |||||