Table 1 Characteristics of the included studies
No. | Author, publication year, reference number | Study area (years of the survey) | Study design | Malaria endemicity | Number of P. falciparum infections | Severe P. falciparum infection (%) | Number of P. knowlesi infections | Severe P. knowlesi (%) | Complications of P. falciparum | Complications of P. knowlesi |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Barber et al., 2013, [11] | Sabah, Malaysia (2010–2011) | A prospective observational study | Slide positive rate 2010 (0.4%), 2011 (0.3%) (World Malaria Report 2012) Average: 0.35% | 122 | 13 | 130 | 38 | Hyperparasitaemia (2) Jaundice (9) Respiratory distress (4) Severe AKI (3) Shock (6) Metabolic acidosis (4) Severe anaemia (2) Abnormal bleeding (1) | Hyperparasitaemia (18) Jaundice (20) Respiratory distress (14) Severe AKI (9) Shock (13) Metabolic acidosis (4) Severe anaemia (2) Abnormal bleeding (2) |
2. | Barber et al., 2017, [22] | Sabah, Malaysia (2010–2012) | A prospective observational study | Slide positive rate 2010 (0.4%), 2011 (0.3%) (World Malaria Report 2012), 2012 (0.3%) (World Malaria Report 2014) Average: 0.33% | 130 | 21 | 146 | 47 | Hyperparasitaemia (3) Jaundice (12) Respiratory distress (4) Severe AKI (3) Shock (7) Metabolic acidosis (4) Severe anaemia (2) Abnormal bleeding (1) Hypoglycaemia (1) | Hyperparasitaemia (24) Jaundice (21) Respiratory distress (14) Severe AKI (11) Shock (11) Metabolic acidosis (4) Severe anaemia (5) Abnormal bleeding (5) One severity criterion (19) Two severity criterion (17) Three or more criterion (11) |
3. | Cox-Singh et al., 2011, [23] | Kapit Division, Sawarak, Malaysia (2006–2009) | A cross-sectional observationa study | Slide positive rate 2006 (0.38%), 2007 (0.35%), 2008 (0.47%), 2009 (0.45%) (World Malaria Report 2010) Average: 0.41% | 22 | 5 | 94 | 9 | Hyperparasitaemia (2) Jaundice (3) Respiratory distress (3) Severe AKI (3) Shock (2) Hypoglycaemia (1) | Hyperparasitaemia (2) Jaundice (4) Respiratory distress (2) Severe anaemia (2) |
4. | Daneshvar et al., 2009, [24] | Kapit Division, Sawarak, Malaysia (2006–2008) | A cross-sectional observationalstudy | Slide positive rate 2006 (0.38%), 2007 (0.35%), 2008 (0.47%) (World Malaria Report 2010) Average: 0.4% | 24 | NA | 107 | 8 | NA | Hyperparasitaemia (3) Jaundice (3) Respiratory distress [4] Severe AKI (3) Shock (2) Hypoglycaemia (1) |
5. | Grigg et al., 2017, [25] | Sabah, Malaysia (2011–2013) | A prospective observational study | Slide positive rate 2011 (0.3%) (World Malaria Report 2012), 2012 (0.3%), 2013 (0.2%) (World Malaria Report 2014) Average: 0.27% | 96 | 5 | 481 | 28 | NA | Hyperparasitaemia (8) Jaundice (8) Respiratory distress (2) Severe AKI (10) Shock (5) Metabolic acidosis (3) Severe anaemia (8) Abnormal bleeding (1) Two or more criterion (12) |
6. | William et al., 2011, [26] | Sabah, Malaysia (2007–2009) | A retrospective study | Slide positive rate 2007 (0.35%), 2008 (0.47%), 2009 (0.45%) (World Malaria Report 2010) Average: 0.42% | NA | NA | 56 | 22 | NA | Jaundice (9) Respiratory distress (13) Severe AKI (12) Shock (12) |
7. | Willmann et al., 2012, [27] | Sarikei and Sibu, Sawarak, Malaysia (2007–2010) | A case control study | Slide positive rate 2007 (0.35%), 2008 (0.47%), 2009 (0.45%) (World Malaria Report 2010), 2010 (0.4%) (World Malaria Report 2012) Average: 0.42% | NA | NA | 110 | 17 | NA | Jaundice (6) Respiratory distress (3) Severe AKI (32) Shock (1) Severe anaemia (1) |
| Â | Total | Â | Â | Â | 394 | 44 | 1124 | 169 | Jaundice (24, 54.5%) Shock (15, 34.1%) Respiratory distress (11, 25%) Severe AKI (9, 20.5%) Metabolic acidosis (8, 18.2%) Hyperparasitaemia (7, 15.9%) Severe anaemia (4, 9.1%) Abnormal bleeding (2, 4.54%) Hypoglycaemia (2, 4.54%) | Severe AKI (77, 45.6%) Jaundice (71, 42%) Hyperparasitaemia (55, 32.5%) Respiratory distress (52, 30.8) Shock (45, 26.6%) Metabolic acidosis (11, 6.5%) Severe anaemia (18, 10.7%) Abnormal bleeding (8, 4.73%) |