Skip to main content

Table 2 Risk factors analyses for morbidity associated with urogenital and intestinal schistosomiasis upon detection of microhematuria and faecal occult blood, respectively

From: An outbreak of intestinal schistosomiasis, alongside increasing urogenital schistosomiasis prevalence, in primary school children on the shoreline of Lake Malawi, Mangochi District, Malawi

Prevalence (%) [95% CI]

Microhematuria

Faecal occult blood (FOB)

31.5 [27.5–35.5]

16.2 [11.0–21.4]

Sample size

n = 520

n = 191α

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) [P-value]

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) [P-value]

Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) [P-value]

Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) [P-value]

Urine-CCA testβ

Negative

1

1

1

1

Positive

2.0 (1.4–3.0)

[<  0.01]

1.2 (0.6–2.6)

[0.61]

12.9 (4.3–38.7)

[<  0.01]

9.2 (3.0–28.6)

[<  0.01]

Ova-patent intestinal schistosomiasis (Kato-Katz)

Negative

1

1

1

1

Positive

2.2 (1.0–4.7)

[0.06]

3.0 (1.0–8.6)

[0.04]

11.4 (3.9–33.3)

[<  0.01]

6.7 (2.0–22.6)

[<  0.01]

Ova-patent urogenital schistosomiasis (urine filtration)

Negative

1

1

1

1

Positive

42.1 (23.2–76.5)

[<  0.01]

47.9 (22.6–101.5)

[<  0.01]

1.6 (0.7–3.8)

[0.25]

1.5 (0.5–4.9)

[0.49]

Praziquantel treatment in last 12 months

No

1

1

1

1

Yes

0.7 (0.5–1.1)

[0.16]

0.7 (0.3–1.8)

[0.45]

0.5 (0.2–1.3)

[0.16]

0.8 (0.3–2.3)

[0.65]

Gender

Male

1

1

1

1

Female

1.0 (0.7–1.4)

[0.85]

0.9 (0.5–1.8)

[0.82]

1.1 (0.5–2.3)

[1.00]

1.0 (0.4–2.4)

[0.97]

Age (years)

6–10

1

1

1

1

11–15

0.9 (0.6–1.4)

[0.71]

1.2 (0.6–2.3)

[0.63]

1.1 (0.507–2.4)

[0.81]

0.9 (0.3–2.3)

[0.78]

  1. α all total of 200 FOB tests were available being used at Samama, Mchoka and MOET schools;
  2. β a trace result was considered here as not infected, only + ve urine CCA-dipstick scorings were considered infected; our conservative approach was based upon correlates of urine CCA-dipsticks and duplicate Kato-Katz comparisons, with ova-patent prevalence of S. mansoni being ≥ 20%, see Bärenbold et al. [12]