No. | Author, year, reference number | Study area (years of the survey) | Study design | Age range (mean or median (SD) | Sex (n) | Participants | Plasmodium species in co-infection (n) | Severe isolated dengue (n/N)** | Severe isolated malaria (n/N) ** | Severe malaria from dengue virus–Plasmodium co-infection (n/N) ** a | Severe dengue from dengue virus–Plasmodium co-infection (n/N) ** b | Severe diseases (n/N) ** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Ahmad et al., 2016, [25] | India (2012–2013) | Retrospective observational study | Co-infection: 38.6 (16) Malaria: 35.7 (14.5) Dengue: 36.9 (14.9) | Co-infection: male (8), female (1) Malaria: male (35), female (26) Dengue: male (38), female (20) | 298 patients with febrile illness | P. vivax (9) | 11/58 Metabolic acidosis (2), shock (2), seizures (4), death (3) | 8/61 Renal failure (2), shock (2), seizures (2), death (2) | 1/9 Renal failure (1) | 1/9 Renal failure (1), *hypotension (1) | 2/9 |
2. | Ahmad et al., 2019, [30] | India (2017) | Cross-sectional observational study | Co-infection: 7.04 (5.01) Malaria: 5.67 (4.44) Dengue: 10.6 (2.82) | Co-infection: male (10), female (3) Malaria: male (30), female (22) Dengue: male (47), female (27) | 164 children with febrile illness | P. falciparum (11), P. vivax (2) | 9/74 Altered mental status (1), haematemesis or melaena (8), death (5), *hypotension (17) | 19/52 Altered mental status (8), seizures (4), Jaundice (3), Hypotension (4), death (3) | 4/13 Altered mental status (2), seizures (1), hypotension (1), death (1) | 5/13 Altered mental status (2), seizures (1), haematemesis or melaena (2), death (1), *hypotension (1) | 6/13 |
3. | Assir et al., 2014, [26] | Pakistan (2012) | Cross-sectional observational study | 22 years (range: 12–90 years) | Male (64), female (21) | 856 suspected cases of dengue fever | P. falciparum (3), P. vivax (14) | 2/5 Jaundice (2), *hypotension (0) | 10/18 Impaired consciousness (1), hypotension (1), bleeding (3), renal failure (1), jaundice (4) | 7/17 Hypotension (2), bleeding (5) | 5/17 WHO grade 2 bleeding (5), *hypotension (2) | 7/17 |
4. | Barua A and Gill N, 2016, [27] | India (2014) | Cross-sectional observational study | (> 12 years) | NA | 156 acute febrile adult cases | NA | 2/85 Altered consciousness (1), bleeding (1), *hypotension (4) | 15/55 Altered consciousness (2), hypotension (4), bleeding (2), acute renal failure (2), jaundice (2), death (3) | 6/16 Hypotension (1), bleeding (2), acute renal failure (1), jaundice (1), death (1) | 5/16 Bleeding (2), acute renal failure (1), jaundice (1), death (1), *hypotension (1) | 6/16 |
5. | Carme et al., 2009, [28] | French Guiana (2004–2005) | Retrospective observational study | NA | NA | 1723 suspected cases of dengue fever or malaria | P. falciparum (3), P. vivax (14) | NA | NA | 1/17 (P. vivax) Severe anaemia (1) | 0/17 | 1/7 |
6. | Epelboin et al., 2012, [11] | French Guiana (2004–2010) | Retrospective matched-pair study | Co-infection: <  15 (11), >  15 (93) Mean 33.8 years (range: 6 months to 83 years) | Co-infection (104): male (75), female (29) | Patients with malaria and dengue | P. falciparum (NA), P. vivax (NA) | 51/208 Shock signs (5), neurological disorders (8), jaundice (6), haemorrhagic signs (32), *hypotension (3) | 39/208* Haemorrhagic signs (25), shock signs (8), neurological disorders (5) | 34/104* Haemorrhagic signs (12), shock signs (7), neurological disorders (7) | 35/104 Shock signs (7), neurological disorders (7), jaundice (9), haemorrhagic signs (12), *hypotension (10) | 34/104 |
7. | Halsey et al., 2016, [29] | Peru (2002–2011) | Cross-sectional observational study | Co-infection: 29.0 (17.3) Malaria: 29.6 (16.1) Dengue: 27.8 (13.1) | Co-infection: male (12), female (5) Malaria: male (29), female (15) Dengue: male (36), female (15) | Patients with febrile illness | P. falciparum (3), P. vivax (14) | 0/51 | 3/41 Prostration 3/41 | 2/15 Prostration 2/15 | 0/51 | 2/15 |
8. | Kamath et al., 2019, [31] | India (2017–2019) | Prospective observational study |  |  | 778 patients with febrile illness | NA | 232/420 Bleeding (178/420), renal failure (54/420), *hypotension (70) | NA | 15/15 Bleeding (10), renal failure (1), hypotension (4), death from respiratory distress (1) | 12/15 Bleeding (10), renal failure (1), death from respiratory distress (1), *hypotension (4) | 15/15 |
9. | Magalhaes et al., 2012, [13] | Brazil (2009–2010) | Case series | Median 38 (16–97) | Co-infection: male (0), female (11) | 132 patients with severe P. vivax malaria | P. vivax (11) | NA/132 | NA | 8/11* Jaundice (8), severe anaemia (1), hypotension (1), pulmonary oedema (1) | 10/11* Mucosal bleeding (6), *hypotension (1) | 10/11 |
10. | Magalhaes et al., 2014, [14] | Brazil (2009–2011) | Cross-sectional observational study | NA | NA | 1578 patients with febrile illness | P. vivax (44) | 211/584* Jaundice (3), deep bleeding (76) | 45/176* | 7/44* | 32/44* Jaundice (29), deep bleeding (15) | 39/44 |
11. | Mohapatra et al., 2012, [15] | India (2011) | Prospective observational study | NA | Co-infection: male (8), female (29) Malaria: male (68), female (34) Dengue: male (220), female (120) | 546 suspected cases of dengue and malaria | P. falciparum (24), P. vivax (2), mixed infection (1) | 140/340 Bleeding 140 | 90/102* Death (11) | 1/27* | 10/27 Bleeding 10 | 11/27 |
12. | Sonkar et al., 2019, [32] | India (2018) | Cross-sectional observational study | Â | NA | 994 patients with febrile illness | P. falciparum (16), P. vivax (13), mixed infection (1) | NA/279 | NA/685 | 17/30 Jaundice (12), bleeding (5) | NA | 17/30 |
13. | Verma et al., 2016, [33] | India (2015) | Prospective observational study | Adult (>  18 yrs) | Male (256), female (84) | 340 patients with febrile illness | NA | 38/156 CNS involvement (2), bleeding (32), respiratory distress (4) *hypotension (28) | 63/132 CNS involvement (12), bleeding (4), hypotension (4), respiratory distress (20), severe anaemia (20), death (3) | 27/52 Bleeding (8), hypotension (3), respiratory distress (4), severe anaemia (12) | 12/52 Bleeding (8), respiratory distress (4), *hypotension (3) | 26/52 |
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | impaired consciousness (9), multiple convulsions (1), prostration (2), shock/hypotension (19), hypoglycaemia (0), jaundice (21), pulmonary oedema (1), bleeding (42), metabolic acidosis or acute respiratory distress (4), severe anaemia (14), and acute renal failure (3) | Shock (7), respiratory distress (4), severe bleeding (58), renal failure (3), impaired consciousness (9), multiple convulsions (1), jaundice (39) |  |