Table 1 Infection and characteristics of Blastocystis in humans
From: Epidemiology of Blastocystis infection from 1990 to 2019 in China
No | Author, year, reference number | Study area (years of the survey) | Study design | Age range /mean or median | Sex (n) | Participants | No. positive (prevalence) | Method of diagnosis | Primer sequence (amplification length) | Subtypes (n) | Clinical manifestation (n/N) | Blastocystis subtypes in patients with diarrhea (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Li et al. 2007, [20] | Shanghai (2006) | Cross-sectional observational study | 2–96 years/– | NA | 1505 people living in villages | 29 (1.93%) | PCR | NA | ST1 (6), ST2 (1), ST3 (17), ST6 (1), ST1 + ST3 (2), Unknown (2) | NA | NA |
2 | Li et al. 2007, [20] | Eryuan county, Yunnan (2005) | Cross-sectional observational study | 5–57 years/– | NA | 407 people from villages | 75 (18.43%) | PCR | NA | ST1 (22), ST2 (6), ST3 (38), ST1 + ST3 (5), ST2 + ST3 (1), Unknown (3) | NA | NA |
3 | Li et al. 2007, [20] | Yongjia county, Zhejiang (2006) | Cross-sectional observational study | 4 months to 90 years/– | NA | 170 in-patients | 10 (5.88%) | PCR | NA | ST1 (3), ST2 (1), ST3 (6) | NA | NA |
4 | Gong and Liu 2019, [21] | Mengla county, Yunnan (2014) | Cross-sectional observational study | 21–72 years/– | NA | 289 Yao people from villages | 13 (4.50%) | PCR | NA (260 bp) | ST1 (3), ST3 (8), ST4 (1), Unknown (1) | Diarrhea (6/29a), abdominal pain (2/29a) | NA |
5 | Zhou et al. 2019, [22] | Rural permanent population in Henan (2015) | Cross-sectional observational study | 1–101 years/ 38.95 years | Male (3191), female (3515) | 6706 residents of Qinba Mountains Ecological Zone | 3 (0.04%) | Iodine | NA | NA | NA | NA |
6 | Zhang et al. 2016, [23] | Kunming city, Yunnan (2014–2015) | Case-control study | Diarrhea cases (1121): 0–6 months (186), 6–12 months (263), 1–2 years (269), 2–5 years (132), 5–65 years (244), > 65 years (27) | Diarrhea cases (1121): male (559), female (562). Non-diarrhea cases (319): male (165), female (154) | 1121 diarrhea cases and 319 non-diarrhea cases from hospitals | Diarrhea cases: 47 (4.19%), non-diarrhea cases: 11 (3.44%) | PCR | Forward primer (5′-CGAATGGCTCATTATATCAGTT-3′), reverse primer (5′-TCTTCGTTACCCGTTACTGC-3′), (1100 bp) | Diarrhea cases: ST1 (46), ST2 (1) non-diarrhea cases: ST1 (11) | Diarrhea cases: vomiting (263/1121), dehydration (64/1121) | Diarrhea cases: ST1 (46), ST2 (1) |
7 | He 2013, [24] | Bama Yao autonomous county, Guangxi (2011) | Cross-sectional observational study | 2–80 years/– | Male (253), female (244) | 497 local residents | 215 (43.26%) | Improved acid ether centrifugal sedimentation /PCRb | Forward primer (F): 5′-GAAGGACTCTCTGACGATGA-3′, reverse primer (R): 5′-GTCCAAATGAAAGGCAGC-3′ (351 bp); F: 5′-ATCAGCCTACAATCTCCTC-3′, R: 5′-ATCGCCACTTCTCCAAT-3′ (650 bp); F: 5′-TAGGATTTGGTGTTTGGAGA-3′, R: 5′-TTAGAAGTGAAGGAGATGGAAG-3′ (526 bp) | ST1 (25), ST6 (1), ST1 + ST6 (1), Unknown (78) | NA | NA |
8 | Yang 2011, [25] | Beihai city and Qinzhou city, Guangxi (2010) | Cross-sectional observational study | 6 months to 91 years | Male (702), female (664) | 1366 rural permanent population | 360 (36.35%) | Improved acid ether centrifugal sedimentation /PCRc | Forward primer (F): 5′-GAAGGACTCTCTGACGATGA-3′, reverse primer (R): 5′-GTCCAAATGAAAGGCAGC-3′ (351 bp); F: 5′-ATCAGCCTACAATCTCCTC-3′, R: 5 -ATCGCCACTTCTCCAAT-3′ (650 bp); F: 5′-TAGGATTTGGTGTTTGGAGA-3′, R: 5′-TTAGAAGTGAAGGAGATGGAAG-3′ (526 bp) | ST1 (12), ST3 (2), ST4 (1), ST6 (1), ST7 (3), ST1 + others (6), Unknown (12) | NA | NA |
9 | Wang 2015, [26] | Guangxi (2013–2014) | Cross-sectional observational study | HIV/AIDS patients: 21–85 years/mean 48.6, general population: 18–81 years/mean 46.6 | HIV/AIDS patients: male (216), female (69), general population: male (101), female (49) | 285 HIV/AIDS patients, 150 general population | HIV/AIDS patients: 59 (20.70%), general population: 38 (25.33%) | Improved acid ether centrifugal sedimentation | NA | NA | NA | NA |
10 | Tian et al. 2012, [27] | Fuyang city, Anhui (2008) | Case-control study | HIV positives: 6–65 years/mean 42.8 years, HIV negative individuals: 6–65 years/mean 41.5 years | HIV positives: 143 males and 159 females, 303 HIV negative Individuals: 144 males and 159 females | 302 HIV positives, 303 HIV negative Individuals | HIV positives: 49 (16.23%), HIV negative Individuals: 67 (22.11%) | In vitro culture | NA | NA | NA | NA |
11 | Teng et al. 2018, [28] | Tengchong city, Yunnan (2016–2017) | Cross-sectional observational study | 10–74 years/mean 40.4 years | HIV positives: male (157), female (167) | 324 | 12 (3.70%) | PCR | Forward primer: 5′-GGAGGTAGTGACAATAA-ATC-3′; reverse primer: 5′-ACTAGGAATTCCTCGTTC-ATG-3′ (1100 bp) | ST1 (3), ST3 (2), ST4 (3), ST7 (3), ST12 (1) | Diarrhea (3/12) | ST1 (2), ST12 (1) |
12 | Li et al. 2015, [29] | Gushi county, Henan (2012) | Cross-sectional observational study |  ≤ 60 years old (153), > 60 years old (188)/median 62 years | Male (249), female (120) | 369 Patients with pulmonary TB (PTB) undergoing anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis treatment | 22 (5.96%) | In vitro culture | NA | NA | NA | NA |
13 | Zhang et al. 2017, [30] | Harbin city, Heilongjiang (2016–2017) | Cross-sectional observational study | 25 to 84 years | Male (220), female (161) | 381 cancer patients: lung (90), stomach (88), colorectal (49), liver (47), esophagus (29), breast (28), hematologic (22), other types of cancer (28) | 27 (7.09%) | PCR | NA (600 bp) | ST1 (12), ST3 (15) | Diarrhea (14/27) | ST1 (8), ST3 (6) |
14 | Hu et al. 2015, [31] | Nanning city, Guangxi (2013–2014) | Cross-sectional observational study | 5 to 79 years | Male (378), female (305) | 683 tumor patients: Digestive system (228), respiratory system (189), urinary system (128), nervous system (87), other tumor patients (51) | Smear: 29(4.25%), improved acid ether centrifugal sedimentation: 83 (12.15%) | Smear/improved acid ether centrifugal sedimentation | NA | NA | NA | NA |
15 | Hu et al. 2017, [32] | Nanning city, Guangxi (2016) | Cross-sectional observational study |  < 42 years old (310), ≥ 42 years old (603) | Male (367), female (546) | 913 patients with chronic diseases | Smear: 30 (3.29%), improved acid ether centrifugal sedimentation: 137 (15.01%) | Smear/improved acid ether centrifugal sedimentation | NA | NA | Diarrhea (80), abdominal pain (71), anorexia (51), nausea and vomiting (34), wasting (42), fever (27) | NA |