Global burden of active smoking among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Table 1 Meta-analysis prevalence of active smoking in people living with HIV undergoing antiretroviral therapy

	Prevalence, %	95% confidence intervals	No. studies	No. participants	Heterogeneity		Egger test	*P value, difference*
	Prevalence, %	95% confidence intervals	No. studies	No. participants	I², %	*P value*	Egger test	*P value, difference*
Global	36.1	33.7–38.5	329	462 104	99.5	< 0.0001	0.0002	…
All participants on ART	34.5	31.8–37.2	268	420 575	99.6	< 0.0001	0.0001	…
Country level of income
Low	10.1	6.8–14.1	30	11 329	95.9	< 0.0001	0.095	< 0.0001
Lower-middle	16.0	8.6–25.3	21	9858	98.7	< 0.0001	0.496
Upper-middle	27.6	23.8–31.6	39	8252	90.4	< 0.0001	0.668
High	45.2	42.7–47.7	216	339 022	99.5	< 0.0001	0.527
UNAIDS region
West and Central Africa	4.4	2.9–6.3	12	4868	87.0	< 0.0001	0.263	< 0.0001
Eastern and Southern Africa	10.7	7.8–14.0	34	12 676	94.8	< 0.0001	0.080
Latin America and the Caribbean	28.8	25.0–32.8	24	16 385	95.9	< 0.0001	0.162
Asia and Pacific	32.6	26.6–38.9	27	16 352	97.3	< 0.0001	0.031
Middle East and North Africa	32.9	16.1–52.4	3	320	93.0	< 0.0001	0.711
Eastern Europe and Central Asia	43.1	15.8–72.9	2	264	95.9	< 0.0001	NA
West and Central Europe and North America	45.4	42.7–48.1	203	293 547	99.5	< 0.0001	0.339

HIV Human immunodeficiency virus, ART antiretroviral therapy, UNAIDS Joint United Program on HIV, NA not applicable

ISSN: 2049-9957