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Table 2 Meta-regression analysis of sources of heterogeneity and factors associated with the variation of prevalence of active tobacco smoking in people living with HIV ongoing antiretroviral therapy

From: Global burden of active smoking among people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

  No. studies No. participants Univariable model Multivariable model   
n = 329 n = 462 104 Prevalence difference (95% confidence intervals) P value R2, % Adjusted prevalence difference (95% confidence intervals) P value LR test
Country level of income      < 0.0001 39.4    0.023
 Low 30 11 329 Ref    Ref   
 Lower-Middle 21 9858 9.1 (− 1.4 to 20.7) 0.091   − 0.7 (− 4.3 to 3.0) 0.916  
 Upper-Middle 39 8252 25.9 (15.4 to 37.2)  < 0.0001   10.0 (6.3 to 13.9) 0.092  
 High 216 339 022 51.2 (41.1 to 62.0)  < 0.0001   13.8 (9.2 to 18.6) 0.047  
 Multi-region 23 93 643 26.4 (14.7 to 39.4)  < 0.0001   − 2.0 (− 6.3 to 2.5) 0.776  
UNAIDS      < 0.0001 45.3     < 0.0001
 West and Central Europe and North America 203 293 547 Ref    Ref   
 West and Central Africa 12 4 868 − 40.9 (− 46.5 to − 34.6)  < 0.0001   − 32.0 (− 35.1 to − 28.8)  < 0.0001  
 Eastern and Southern Africa 34 12,676 − 33.3 (− 37.4 to − 29.0)  < 0.0001   − 26.0 (− 28.9 to − 22.9)  < 0.0001  
 Eastern Europe and Central Asia 2 264 − 2.2 (− 23.3 to 24.6) 0.865   5.5 (− 2.6 to 14.4) 0.650  
 Latin America and the Caribbean 24 16 385 − 16.0 (− 21.9 to − 9.6)  < 0.0001   − 13.9 (− 17.1 to − 10.6) 0.020  
 Asia and the Pacific 27 16 352 − 12.4 (− 18.2 to − 6.0) 0.0002   − 4.9 (− 7.6 to − 2.1) 0.388  
 Middle East and North Africa 3 320 − 12.0 (− 28.1 to 7.6) 0.212   − 10.9 (− 17.1 to − 4.3) 0.401  
 Multi− region 24 117 692 − 11.5 (− 17.7 to − 4.9) 0.0009   − 4.0 (− 7.1 to − 0.9) 0.622  
Percentage of males      13.4    
 Increase of 10% 301* 446 434 3.3 (2.2 to 4.3)  < 0.0001     
Duration since diagnostic infection      5.7    
 By increase of 5 years 119* 68 194 6.4 (3.0 to 10.0) 0.0004     
Duration of antiretroviral therapy      0.8    
 By increase of 5 years 98* 117 811 4.1 (0.5 to 7.9) 0.0285     
Mean age      4.0    
 By increase of 10 years 290* 380 280 6.0 (2.2 to 10.1) 0.0002     
Response rate      0.1    
 < 80% or not described 172 268 253 Ref      
 ≥ 80% 157 193 851 − 1.2 (− 6.1 to 3.8) 0.628     
Sampling method      0.9    
 Non probabilistic 277 436 880 Ref      
 Probabilistic 52 25 224 − 5.5 (− 11.8 to 1.1) 0.102     
Timing of data collection and analysis     0.238 1.3    
 Prospectively 261 317 315 Ref      
 Retrospectively 50 129 628 4.6 (− 2.4 to 12.2) 0.205     
 Both 1 957 42.4 (− 8.7 to 122.2) 0.119     
 Unclear 17 14 204 4.0 (− 7.1 to 16.5) 0.493     
Precision      0.8    
 Low 197 30 651 Ref      
 Acceptable 132 431 453 − 4.1 (− 8.9 to 0.8) 0.102     
  1. ART Antiretroviral therapy, UNAIDS Joint United Program on HIV, NA Not applicable, LR Likelihood ratio
  2. *Missing data were imputed
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Infectious Diseases of Poverty

ISSN: 2049-9957

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