Table 3 Chinese medicine with active ingredients against HCoV

SARS-CoV

Glycyrrhiza radix

Glycyrrhizin and derivatives from it

Inhibit the invasion and replication

[128, 129]

Lycoris radiata

Lycorine

N/A

[132]

N/A

ZZ-1

N/A

[131]

Houttuynia cordata

Polysaccharides and ethyl acetate extracts, such as afzerin and quercetin

Act on the body's immune system with anti-complement activity, and inhibits 3CLpro and RdRp activity

[133, 134, 136]

Rheum rhabarbarum

Emodin

Suppress the interaction between S protein and ACE2 and inhibits 3clpro activity

[135]

Polygonum multiflorum

N/A

Suppress the interaction between S protein and ACE2

[136]

Tripterygium regelii

Quinone-methide triterpenes

Inhibit the enzymatic activity of 3CLpro

[137]

Ecklonia cava

Dieckol

Inhibit the enzymatic activity of 3CLpro

[138]

Alnus japonica

Diarylheptanoids

Inhibit the enzymatic activity of 3CLpro

[139]

Seeds of Psoralea corylifolia

Phenolic phytochemical

Inhibit the enzymatic activity of 3CLpro

[140]

Angelica keiskei

Chalcone 6

Inhibit the enzymatic activity of both 3CLpro and PLpro

[141]

Salvia miltiorrhiza

Tanshinones

Inhibit the enzymatic activity of both 3CLpro and PLpro

[142]

MERS-CoV

Fruits and twigs of Aglaia foveolate

Silvestrol

Inhibit viral mRNA cap-dependent translation

[153]

N/A

Flavonoids such as herbacetin, isobavachalcone, quercetin-3-beta-O-d-glucoside and helichrysetin

Inhibit the enzymatic activity of 3CLpro

[154]

SARS-CoV-2

Folium mori, Atractylodes lancea, Fritillaria, Zingiber officinale, Lonicerae japonicae flos, Forsythia suspensa, and Amomum tsao-ko

N/A

Block the binding between ACE2 and viral S protein

[143]

Astragalus, Panax ginseng, Dioscorea spp., and arecae semen

N/A

Regulate RAAS

[144]

N/A

Quercetin and its derivatives

Block the binding between ACE2 and viral S protein, IL-6R and IL-6

[147]

Licorice, Ephedra, Bupleurum root

N/A

Block the binding between IL-6R and IL-6

[145, 146]

Bupleurum

Saikoside A and saikoside D

Bind to 3CLpro and block the binding between ACE2 and viral S protein

[148]

Scutellaria baicalensis

Baicalein

Bind to 3CLpro and block the binding between ACE2 and viral S protein

[149]

N/A

Liquiritin apioside, iridin, liquiritin, forsythiaside, procyanidin B-5, 3′ -o-gallate and saikosaponin C

Inhibit RdRp

[150]

Aster, Ligusticum chuanxiong, Salvia miltiorrhiza

Aster pentapeptide A, ligustrazine, salvianolic acid B

Inhibit the enzymatic activity of 3CLpro

[151]

Ginger, Ginkgo, Chuanxiong

Gingerol, ginnol, ferulic acid

Inhibit the enzymatic activity of PLpro

[151]

N/A

Hypericin and baicalein

Bind to nsp14

[152]

HCoV-229E

Leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia

3β-Friedelanol

N/A

[155]

Fruits and twigs of Aglaia foveolate

Silvestrol

Inhibit viral mRNA cap-dependent translation

[153]

HCoV-NL63

Sambucus FormosanaNakai

Ethanol extract-related caffeic acid

Interfere with the binding of HCoV-NL63 to the receptor of ACE2 and co-receptors such as heparin sulfate proteoglycan

[156]