Geospatial epidemiology of leprosy in northwest Bangladesh: a 20-year retrospective observational study

Table 2 Outcomes of univariate and multivariate ordinal logistic regression models of the association between demographic, disease and location characteristics of leprosy cases for different endemicity levels

	Univariate models		Multivariate models
Covariate	aOR^a (95% CI)	P-value	aOR^b (95% CI)	P-value
Sex
Male	1		1
Female	1.00 (0.95–1.06)	0.882	0.95 (0.88–1.03)	0.245
Age at diagnosis (years)
Below 15	1.25 (1.15–1.35)	< 0.001***	1.26 (1.12–1.43)	< 0.001***
15 and older	1		1
Group
Paucibacillary (PB)	1		1
Multibacillary (MB)	0.92 (0.87–0.98)	0.006**	0.92 (0.83–1.02)	0.071
Skin smear
Negative	1		1
Positive	0.91 (0.82–1.02)	0.100	0.83 (0.73–0.96)	0.011*
Disability
Grade 0	1		1
Grade 1	1.06 (0.96–1.17)	0.262	1.04 (0.89–1.21)	0.497
Grade 2	1.04 (0.94–1.16)	0.432	1.05 (0.90–1.22)	0.353
Proximity to nearest clinic (km)	1.24 (1.13–1.34)	< 0.001***	1.26 (1.16–1.37)	< 0.001***
Proximity nearest city (km)	0.97 (0.97–0.98)	< 0.001***	0.98 (0.98–0.99)	< 0.001***
Population size (per 100 m²)	1.01 (1.00–1.01)	< 0.001***	1.00 (1.00–1.01)	0.004**
Mode of detection
Active	1.13 (1.06–1.23)	< 0.001***	0.98 (0.87–1.10)	0.700
Passive	1		1

We compared cases located outside of hotspots with cases within weak (RR lower than two), medium (RR of two to three) or strong (RR of three or higher) hotspots
aOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval
Significance codes: 0 ‘***’ 0.001 ‘**’ 0.01 ‘*’ 0.05 ‘.’ 0.1 ‘’ 1
^aModels were adjusted for year of detection of the case (fixed effect) and union of residence (random effect)
^bModels were adjusted for mode of detection, year of detection of the case (fixed effects) and union of residence (random effect)

ISSN: 2049-9957