Table 2 The risk factors for developing severe COVID–19 cases based on surveillance data from January 19 to March 9 in 2020 in China
From: Risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 in China: an analysis of disease surveillance data
| Variable | Severe cases (n)/all cases (N) (%) | Crude OR (95% CI) | P value | aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 697/6066 (11.5) | 1 | 1 | |
| Male | 965/6581 (14.7) | 1.33 (1.2–1.5) | 0.000 | 1.34 (1.2–1.5) |
| Age group, years | ||||
| 0–19 | 6/826 (0.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| 20–39 | 253/4132 (6.1) | 7.63 (3.6–16.2) | 0.000 | 3.90 (1.8–8.4) |
| 40–59 | 686/5241 (13.1) | 17.62 (8.3–37.2) | 0.000 | 7.63 (3.6–16.3) |
| ≥ 60 | 717/2448 (29.3) | 48.46 (22.9–102.5) | 0.000 | 20.42 (9.5–43.7) |
| Living area | ||||
| Rural | 703/5724 (12.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| Urban | 959/6923 (13.9) | 1.15 (1.0–1.3) | 0.010 | 0.94 (0.8–1.1) |
| Region | ||||
| East | 590/4860 (12.1) | 1 | 1 | |
| Central | 730/5351 (13.7) | 1.14 (1.0–1.3) | 0.022 | 1.12 (1.0–1.3) |
| West | 342/2436 (14.0) | 1.18 (1.0–1.4) | 0.022 | 1.40 (1.2–1.6) |
| The symptom onset to diagnosis, days | ||||
| 0–2 | 272/3811 (7.1) | 1 | 1 | |
| 3–5 | 447/3610 (12.4) | 1.84 (1.6–2.2) | 0.000 | 1.41 (1.2–1.7) |
| 6–8 | 451/2583 (17.5) | 2.75 (2.4–3.2) | 0.000 | 1.79(1.5–2.1) |
| ≥ 9 | 492/2643 (18.6) | 2.98 (2.5–3.5) | 0.000 | 1.91(1.6–2.3) |
| Fever | ||||
| No | 265/4376 (6.1) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1397/8271 (16.9) | 3.14 (2.7–3.6) | 0.000 | 2.30(2.0–2.7) |
| Fatigue, joint or muscle soreness | ||||
| No | 1034/9397 (11.0) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 628/3250 (19.3) | 1.94 (1.7–2.2) | 0.000 | 1.33(1.2–1.5) |
| Cough or respiratory symptoms | ||||
| No | 520/5597 (9.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1142/7050 (16.2) | 1.75 (1.6–1.9) | 0.000 | 1.40(1.2–1.6) |
| Gastrointestinal symptoms | ||||
| No | 1495/11712 (12.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 167/935 (17.9) | 1.48 (1.3–1.8) | 0.000 | 1.09(0.9–1.3) |
| Headache | ||||
| No | 1446/11308 (12.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 216/1339 (16.1) | 1.31 (1.1–1.5) | 0.001 | 1.15(1.0–1.4) |
| Conjunctival congestion | ||||
| No | 1658/12625 (13.1) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 4/22 (18.2) | 1.47 (0.5–4.4) | 0.487 | |
| White blood cell count (109/L)a | ||||
| 4–10 | 1088/7981 (13.6) | 1.0 | 1 | |
| < 4 | 356/2477 (14.4) | 1.06 (0.9–1.2) | 0.351 | 1.03(0.9–1.2) |
| > 10 | 87/400 (21.8) | 1.76 (1.4–2.3) | 0.000 | 1.47(1.1–2.0) |
| Unavailable | 131/1789 (7.4) | 0.51 (0.4–0.6) | 0.000 | 0.54(0.2–1.5) |
| Lymphocyte count (109/L)b | ||||
| 0.8–3.5 | 1029/8632 (11.9) | 1 | 1 | |
| < 0.8 | 431/1752 (24.6) | 2.41 (2.1–2.7) | 0.000 | 1.28 (1.1–1.5) |
| > 3.5 | 62/444 (14.0) | 1.20 (0.9–1.6) | 0.197 | 1.22 (0.9–1.7) |
| Unavailable | 140/1819 (7.8) | 0.62 (0.5–0.8) | 0.000 | 1.72 (0.8–3.6) |
| Lymphocyte percentage(%)c | ||||
| 20–40 | 690/6084 (11.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| < 20 | 739/3441 (21.5) | 2.14 (1.9–2.4) | 0.000 | 1.19 (1.0–1.4) |
| > 40 | 100/1333 (7.5) | 0.63 (0.5–0.8) | 0.000 | 0.77 (0.60–1.0) |
| Unavailable | 133/1789 (7.5) | 0.63 (0.5–0.8) | 0.000 | 1.22 (0.4–3.8) |
| Neutrophil percentage (%)d | ||||
| 40–75 | 914/7928 (11.5) | 1 | 1 | |
| < 40 | 117/944 (12.4) | 1.09 (0.9–1.3) | 0.433 | 1.27 (1.0–1.6) |
| > 75 | 498/1984 (25.1) | 2.57 (2.3–2.9) | 0.000 | 1.55 (1.3–1.9) |
| Unavailable | 133/1791 (7.5) | 0.62 (0.5–0.8) | 0.000 | 0.98 (0.3–2.8) |
| Abnormal X-ray | ||||
| No | 326/2576 (12.7) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 239/1319 (18.1) | 1.53 (1.3–1.8) | 0.000 | 1.29 (1.1–1.6) |
| Unavailable | 1097/8752 (12.5) | 0.99 (0.9–1.1) | 0.883 | 0.96 (0.8–1.1) |
| Abnormal CT imaging | ||||
| No | 326/2576 (12.7) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 239/1319 (18.1) | 3.21 (2.4–4.3) | 0.000 | 1.57(1.2–2.1) |
| Unavailable | 1097/8752 (12.5) | 2.14 (1.6–2.9) | 0.000 | 1.53(1.1–2.2) |
| Underlying diseases | ||||
| No | 927/9664 (9.6) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 735/2983 (24.6) | 3.08 (2.8–3.4) | 0.000 | 0.88 (0.7–1.1) |
| Diabetes | ||||
| No | 1447/12 098 (12.0) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 215/549 (39.2) | 4.73(4.0–5. 7) | 0.000 | 1.96 (1.6–2.4) |
| Hypertension and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases | ||||
| No | 1195/11126 (10.7) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 467/1521 (30.7) | 3.68 (3.3–4.2) | 0.000 | 1.46 (1.2–1.8) |
| Lung diseases | ||||
| No | 1574/12350 (12.8) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 88/297 (29.6) | 2.88 (2.2–3.7) | 0.000 | 1.42 (1.1–1.9) |
| Chronic liver diseases | ||||
| No | 1648/12 550 (13.1) | 1 | ||
| Yes | 14/97 (14.4) | 1.12 (0.6–2.0) | 0.707 | |
| Chronic kidney diseases | ||||
| No | 1637/12 594 (13.0) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 25/53 (47.2) | 5.97 (3.5–10.3) | 0.000 | 2.50 (1.4–4.6) |
| Exposure history | ||||
| No | 215/1009 (21.3) | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1447/11 638 (12.4) | 0.53 (0.5–0.6) | 0.000 | 0.63 (0.5–0.8) |