Table 1 Key outcomes of studies investigating STH infections in the Philippines
From: The control of soil-transmitted helminthiases in the Philippines: the story continues
Year of the Survey conducted | Study description | Sample size | Study population | Diagnostic method | Key infection outcomes (STH Prevalence) | Reference/Year of publication | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ascaris lumbricoides | Trichuris trichiura | Hookworm | Overall prevalence | Heavy infection | Â | |||||
Before the launch of the IHCP (i.e., programme components include nationwide MDA, WASH and health education) | ||||||||||
 1974–1975 (baseline survey) | A comparative study on the control and eradication of ascariasis in rural community of Salvacion, Palo, Leyte | 606 | All ages | FET | 84.4% | - | - | - | - | Cabrera et al., (1975) [95] |
 1977 | A cross-sectional survey on intestinal parasites conducted in Municipalities of Talibon and Trinidad, Northern Bohol, Philippines, with emphasis on schistosomiasis | 1694 | All ages | FET | 44.5% | 57.8% | 71.4% | - | - | Carney et. al., (1980) [96] |
 1979 (baseline survey) | A comparative study on the effect of mass treatment of the entire community and selective treatment of children on the total prevalence STH in communities of Ordovilla and San Narciso, Mindoro Oriental | 552 | All ages | Not mentioned | 71.6% | 81.8% | 20.1% | - | - | Cabrera et al., (1983) [97] |
 1986 | A cross-sectional survey to determine the prevalence intestinal parasites in Napsan Palawan | 365 | All ages | FET | 34.8% | 25.2% | 34.8% | - | - | Oberst et al., (1987) [98] |
 Not reported | A cross-sectional survey to examine the prevalence of schistosomiasis and common intestinal parasites among the residents of seven villages in Agusan del Norte Province, Mindanao, Philippines | 1920 | All ages | Direct Smear, FET and Harada-Mori stool culture | 45.0% | 48.0% | 83.0% | - | - | Carney et.al. 1987 [99] |
 1980–1984 | A survey on intestinal parasites in some patients seen at San Lazaro Hospital, Manila | 3687 | All ages | FET | 30.0% | 46.0% | 29.0% | - | - | Cross et al., (1989) [100] |
 1994 | A cross-sectional survey of intestinal parasitic infections in San Narciso, Victoria, Oriental Mindoro | 242 | All ages | FET | 43.8% | 48.8% | 11.6% | - | - | Chigusa et al., (1997) [101] |
 1998 | A small-scale survey of intestinal parasite infections among children and adolescents in Legaspi city | 64 | Ages 3–20 years | FET | 40% | 51.0% | 23.0% | - | - | Lee et al., (2000) [102] |
 Not reported | This study was conducted in a rural agricultural area in Siniloan, Laguna, Philippines to investigate the relationship between helminthiasis infection and nutritional status | 142 | SAC | KK | 40.30% | 71.40% | - | - | - | Yamamoto et.al, 2000 [103] |
 1998 (baseline survey) | A study on the comparison of the efficacy of single doses of albendazole, ivermectin, and diethylcarbamazine alone or in combinations against A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura spp. among SAC in public elementary schools in Biñan, Laguna Province | 784 | SAC | KK | 67.40% | 96.8% | 0.38% | 64.2% | 67.4% | Belizario et al., 2003 [18] |
 2000 | A baseline assessment of intestinal parasitism on schoolchildren (Kinder and Grade 1 pupils) in selected public elementary schools in 6 provinces across the Philippines (Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao) | 1871 | PSAC and SAC | KK | 46.30% | 52.27% | 4.6% | 66.8% | 9.9% | Belizario et al., 2005 [19] |
2001 (baseline data) | Cross-sectional survey to determine the prevalence and intensity of STH infection among schoolchildren in Monkayo, Compostela Valley | 173 | SAC | KK | 4.0% | 16.8% | 35.3% | 48.6% | Â | Belizario, et al., 2004 [23] |
 2002 | A cross-sectional study in rural rice community in Leyte. Blood samples were collected for anemia determination and cognitive testing was performed. Stool samples were also collected and tested for Schistosoma japonicum and geo-helminth infection | 322 | Ages 7–18 years | KK | 76.2% | 94.6% | 76.2% | - | - | Olson et al., (2009) [104] |
 2002 | A small-scale survey to investigate the status of intestinal protozoa and helminth infections in Roxas City, Mindoro, Philippines | 301 | All ages | FET | 51.2% | 27.6% | 8.0% | - | - | Kim et al., (2003) [105] |
 2002 | A survey conducted to determine the infection status of intestinal parasites in children living in residential institutions in Metro Manila, the Philippines | 172 | Children | FET | 36% | 44.8% | 7.0% | - | - | Baldo et al., (2004) [106] |
 2004 | National survey conducted in 2004 among PSAC in 17 regions of the country | 6358 | PSAC | KK | 48.7% | 42.2% | 1.7% | 66.4% | - | de Leon et al., 2005 (cited at [20]) |
 2005 | Prevalence survey of intestinal parasites among schoolchildren in a coastal rural area of Maragondon, Cavite, Southern Luzon, Philippines | 259 | SAC | KK | 66.4% | 14.7% | 21.2% | - | - | Cauyan et al. (2008) [107] |
 2005–2007a | National baseline prevalence surveys of schistosomiasis in Visayas (11 provinces) and Mindanao (22 provinces) regions carried out between 2005–2007 | 27 771 | All ages | KK | 20.7–34.6% | 16.3–45.9% | 7.9–11.4% | - | - | Leonardo et al., 2008 (25) |
 2005–2007a | This study used the STH data collected from the national schistosomiasis survey in the Philippines from 2005–2007. This study aimed to quantify the association between the physical environment and the prevalence of A. lumbricoides, T. trichiura and hookworm infections in the Philippines | 35 573 | All Ages | KK | 23.7% (Luzon) | 27.9% (Luzon) | 4.5% (Luzon) | - | - | Magalhães et al., 2015 [16] |
38.4% (Visayas) | 53.6% (Visayas) | 18.0% (Visayas) | - | - | ||||||
21.2% (Mindanao) | 16.8% (Mindanao) | 11.3% (Mindanao) | - | - | ||||||
 Not reported | Cross-sectional study conducted among children aged 7–18 years in Leyte, Philippines to examine the independent effect of infection with each of four helminths (Ascaris lumbricoides, Schistosoma japonicum, Necator americanus, and Trichuris trichiura) on cognitive function | 319 | SAC | KK | 73.9% | 92.2% | 45.8% (N. americanus) | - | - | Ezeamama, et al. 2006 [108] |
 2006 | A baseline parasitological survey conducted in 6 sentinel provinces (Bulacan and Camarines Sur in Luzon; Negros Occidental and Leyte in Visayas, and Compostela Valley and Surigao del Norte in Mindanao) in the country | 3373 | SAC | KK | 38.6% | 38.5% | 3.8% | 54.0% | 23.1% | Belizario et al., 2009 [21] |
 2006 | Monitoring school-based control of intestinal helminthiasis in selected school districts in Cavite Province (Calabarzon Region) | 700 | SAC | KK | 42.6% | 49.1% | 0.6% | 61.4% | 36.4% | Belizario et al. (2013) [22] |
 2008a | 732 | 27.4% | 39.8% | - | 47.7% | 24.6% | ||||
After the launch of the IHCP (i.e., programme components include nationwide MDA, WASH and health education) | ||||||||||
 2007 | A cross-sectional parasitological survey conducted to determine the impact of MDA on STH on the morbidity of SAC in selected provinces in the western Visayas. The surveys were carried out at three different time points: in 2007, 2008 and 2009 | 1230 | SAC | KK | 40.7% | 63.8% | 2% | 71.1% | 40.5% | Belizario et al., 2014 [28] |
 2008 | 1349 | 25.4% | 45.7% | 1.9% | 52.3% | 22.5% | ||||
 2009 | 1211 | 17.2% | 38.8% | 3.6% | 44.3% | 14.5% | ||||
 2007 | A cross-sectional parasitological survey conducted in 2007, 2009, and 2011 to monitor the impact of a mebendazole MDA initiative for STH control among SAC in the Western Visayas Region of the Philippines | 1230 | SAC | KK | 40% | 65.0% | - | 70.0% | - | Sanza et al., 2013 [29] |
 2009 | 1243 | 18% | 40.0% | - | 44.1% | - | ||||
 2011 | 1037 | 25% | 40.0% | - | 45.5% | - | ||||
 2007–2008 | The last two phases of the national baseline prevalence survey of schistosomiasis conducted between 2007 and 2008 in Luzon and Maguindanao Province | 3541 | All Ages | KK | 15.3–18.4% | 18.1–20.8% | 0.3–4.6% | - | - | Leonardo et al., 2012 [24] |
 2008 | Survey of stool samples obtained from the residents of Municipality of Katipunan, Zamboanga Del Norte to determine the status of intestinal capillariasis | 205 | All ages | FET | 22.3% | 31.1% | 16.5% | 44.2% | - | Belizario et al. (2010) [40] |
 2009 | Parasitology survey conducted to determine STH infections and other intestinal parasitic infections among SAC in indigenous people communities in Davao del Norte | 572 | SAC | KK | 20.1% | 11.7% | 11.9% | 34.1% | 5.9% | Belizario et al., (2011) [30] |
 2009 | A follow-up survey to monitor the impact of an integrated helminth control program conducted in 6 sentinel provinces (Bulacan and Camarines Sur in Luzon; Negros Occidental and Leyte in the Visayas, and Compostela Valley and Surigao del Norte in Mindanao) | 2,474 | PSAC |  | 30.9% | 31.4% | 1.1% | 43.7% | 22.4% | Belizario et al., 2015 [26] |
2,751 | SAC | KK | 27.7% | 33.3% | 1.9% | 44.7% | 19.7% | |||
 2011 | Prevalence survey to determine STH infections and its association with haemoglobin levels among Aeta schoolchildren of Katutubo Village in Planas, Porac, Pampanga | 195 | SAC | KK | 84.1 | 94.4% | 21.5 | 97.4% | 82.6% (M-H) | Ng et al., 2014 [31] |
 2011 | A diagnostic study of intestinal helminths in Northern Samar Province. Faecal samples were collected from individuals and examined by real-time PCR (qPCR) assay | 545 | All ages | qPCR | 58.17% | - | 48.07% (Ancylostoma spp.) | - | - | Gordon et al., 2015 [45] |
 2011–2012 | A cross-sectional survey conducted to determine prevalence and intensity of infection in selected secondary schools in two provinces (Cavite and Guimaras) | 633 | 14–15 years old | KK | 19.7% | 21.5% | 0.2% | 31.3% | 7.7% (M–H) | Belizario et al., (2014) [41] |
 2012 | A cross-sectional survey conducted in 18 rural barangays in Northern Samar to determine the prevalence of single and multiple species helminth infections and the underlying risk factors of acquiring one or more parasite species | 6976 | All ages | KK | 36.5%, | 61.8%, | 28.4%, | 75.8% | - | Ross et al., 2017 [42] |
 2013 | A cross-sectional survey conducted to determine the prevalence and intensity of STH infections and determine the nutritional status of PSAC and SAC in two villages in Southern Leyte that benefitted from CLTS | 316 | PSAC and SAC | KK | 15.8% | 19.9% | 1.2% | 27.9% | 7.9% (M–H) | Belizario et al. (2015) [32] |
 2013 | A cross-sectional survey conducted to determine the status of STH in SAC in Masbate after a decade of implementation of an integrated helminth control programme | 1224 | PSAC | KK | 59.0% | 54.0% | 2% | 72.0% | 41% | Belizario et al., 2016 [33] |
 2013 | A cross-sectional survey carried out in five rural villages in Northern Samar, the Philippines. Data on dietary intake, nutritional status, and intestinal parasites were collected | 693 | SAC | KK | 54.40% | 71.4% | 25.30% | 79.6% | - | Ross et al., 2017[34] |
 2013 | A cross-sectional survey among SAC in 5 schistosiamis-endemic villages in Northern Samar, the Philippines to determine the interactions between childhood malnutrition and parasitic helminth | 693 | SAC | KK | 54.4% | 71.4% | 25.3% | - | - | Papier, et al., 2014 [35] |
 2013–2015 | A cross-sectional survey conducted to determine the prevalence of STH infections in selected barangays/villages in the provinces of Cavite, Guimaras, Iloilo, Negros Occidental, and Davao del Norte | 1732 | PSAC | KK | 19.1% | 12.1% | - | 24.9% | 10.3% (M–H) | delos Trinos et al., 2019 [37] |
 2014 | A cross-sectional survey of STH infection in Laguna Province carried out in 2014. Faecal samples were collected from 263 SAC and examined using the KK method and real time PCR (qPCR) | 263 | SAC | KK | 20.50% | 23.6% | - | 33.8% | - | Mationg et al., 2017 [36] |
qPCR | 60.8% | 38.8% | 6.8% (Ancylostoma spp. (4.6%) and N. americanus (2.2%) | 78.3% | - | |||||
 2015 | A cross-sectional survey to determine the prevalence of STH and schistosomiasis in a sample of families in four villages in Leyte, Philippines | 338 | PSAC/SAC | KK | 35.1% | 55.1% | 2.7% | 65.0% | 8.6% | Liwanag et al., 2017 [38] |
261 | Adults | 27.0% | 50.5% | 10.0% | 64.0% | 4.0% | ||||
 2017 | Prevalence of Soil Transmitted Helminths and Associate Transmission Factors among School Children in a Selected Barangay in Trece Martires City, Cavite | 108 | PSAC/SAC | KK | 29.6% | 7.4% | 18.5% | 37.0% | - | Soriano, et al., 2019 [39] |
 2017 | A cross-sectional survey to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasites including the associated risk factors among food vendors and slaughterhouse worker in Metro Manila | 91 | Adults | FET | 54.9% | 30.4% | 4.4% | - | - | Lirio, et al., 2017[43] |
 2018 | Cross-sectional survey to determine the prevalence and intensity of STH infection among the indigenous communities in three barangays in Tigaon, Camarines Sur, Philippines | 317 | All ages | Sucrose centrifugal floatation method | 41.9% | 5.4% | - | 44.5% | - | Delaluna, et al.,2020 [44] |