Table 2 Participant characteristics by occurrence of catastrophic costs at 20% threshold, Kenya 2016 (n = 1071)
From: Determinants of household catastrophic costs for drug sensitive tuberculosis patients in Kenya
|  | Characteristics | Total n = 1071 | With catastrophic costs* n = 294 | without catastrophic costs* n = 777 | P-value*** | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | n | %** | n | %** | Â | |||
Patient factors | Gender | Female | 406 | 117 | 39.8 | 289 | 37.2 | Â |
Male | 665 | 177 | 60.2 | 488 | 62.8 | 0.457 | ||
Age | Mean (SD) |  | 31 | 18.1 | 31 | 15.1 | 0.698‡ | |
Household characteristics | Formal education level | Secondary & above | 547 | 155 | 52.7 | 392 | 50.5 | Â |
Primary school & below | 397 | 92 | 31.3 | 305 | 39.3 | Â | ||
None | 127 | 47 | 16.0 | 80 | 10.3 | 0.089†| ||
Health insurance | None | 905 | 247 | 84.0 | 658 | 84.7 | Â | |
Private | 18 | 6 | 2.1 | 12 | 1.5 | Â | ||
National Health Insurance | 148 | 41 | 13.9 | 107 | 13.8 | 0.836†| ||
Residence | Rural | 265 | 71 | 24.1 | 194 | 25.0 | Â | |
Urban | 806 | 223 | 75.9 | 583 | 75.0 | 0.252 | ||
Household size | Median (IQR) |  | 4 | (2–6) | 4 | (2–6) | 0.365†| |
Annual household income (USD) | Median (IQR) |  | 1374 | (714–2509) | 3081 | (1918–5279) |  < 0.001†| |
Disease and care-seeking characteristics | TB type | Extra-pulmonary | 188 | 63 | 21.4 | 125 | 16.1 | Â |
Pulmonary | 883 | 231 | 78.6 | 651 | 83.9 | 0.018 | ||
BMI (n = 852) | Mean (SD) |  | 14 | 8.3 | 16 | 7.9 | 0.023‡ | |
HIV status | Negative | 278 | 81 | 27.6 | 197 | 25.4 | Â | |
Positive | 769 | 203 | 69.4 | 566 | 72.8 | Â | ||
Unknown | 24 | 10 | 3.4 | 14 | 1.8 | 0.272 | ||
Diabetes status | Yes | 20 | 5 | 1.7 | 15 | 1.9 | Â | |
No | 1028 | 283 | 96.3 | 745 | 95.9 | Â | ||
Unknown | 23 | 6 | 2.0 | 17 | 2.2 | 0.568 | ||
Treatment category | New case | 953 | 259 | 88.1 | 684 | 88.0 | Â | |
Relapse/retreatment | 128 | 35 | 11.9 | 93 | 12.0 | 0.877 | ||
Facility of treatment | Private | 102 | 35 | 11.9 | 67 | 8.6 | Â | |
Public | 969 | 259 | 88.1 | 710 | 91.4 | 0.102 | ||
Treatment delay > 4 weeks | Yes | 180 | 70 | 23.8 | 110 | 14.2 |  | |
No | 891 | 224 | 76.2 | 667 | 85.8 | 0.002 | ||
Hospitalization | Yes | 6 | 5 | 1.7 | 1 | 0.1 | Â | |
No | 1065 | 289 | 98.3 | 776 | 99.9 | 0.048 | ||
X-ray done | Yes | 589 | 180 | 61.2 | 409 | 52.6 | Â | |
No | 482 | 114 | 38.8 | 368 | 47.4 | 0.114 | ||
Received nutritional support | Yes | 713 | 192 | 65.3 | 521 | 67.1 | Â | |
No | 354 | 100 | 34.0 | 254 | 32.7 | Â | ||
Unknown | 4 | 2 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.7 | 0.193 | ||