From: HIV screening and retention in care in people who use drugs in Madrid, Spain: a prospective study
Characteristics | All | HIV (−) | HIV (+) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 529 | 494 | 35 | |
Age (years) | 42 (35; 48) | 42 (34; 48) | 48 (41; 50) | 0.003 |
< 30 | 47 (8.8%) | 47 (9.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | n.s |
30–40 | 161 (30.4%) | 154 (31.2%) | 7 (20.0%) | n.s |
40–50 | 216 (40.8%) | 198 (40.1%) | 18 (51.4%) | n.s |
≥ 50 | 105 (19.8%) | 95 (19.2%) | 10 (28.6%) | n.s |
Male | 420 (79.4%) | 392 (79.3%) | 28 (80.0%) | n.s |
Origin | ||||
Spain | 419 (79.2%) | 392 (79.3%) | 27 (77.1%) | n.s |
Eastern Europe | 55 (10.4%) | 49 (9.9%) | 6 (17.1%) | n.s |
Western Europe | 17 (3.2%) | 16 (3.2%) | 1 (2.8%) | n.s |
North Africa | 23 (4.3%) | 22 (4.4%) | 1 (2.8%) | n.s |
America | 7 (1.3%) | 7 (1.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | n.s |
Other | 8 (1.5%) | 8 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | n.s |
Homeless | 105 (19.9%) | 90 (18.3%) | 15 (42.8%) | < 0.001 |
Drugs use | ||||
Decades of drug use (n = 489) | ||||
< 1 year | 6 (1.2%) | 6 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | n.s |
1–9 years | 83 (17.0%) | 82 (18.0%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0.024 |
10–19 years | 171 (35.0%) | 165 (36.3%) | 6 (17.6%) | 0.028 |
20–29 years | 134 (27.4%) | 120 (26.4%) | 14 (41.2%) | n.s |
≥ 30 years | 95 (19.4%) | 82 (18.0%) | 13 (38.2%) | 0.004 |
Type of drug used | ||||
Heroin | 412 (78.0%) | 383 (77.5%) | 29 (82.9%) | n.s |
Cocaine | 476 (90.0%) | 443 (90.0%) | 33 (94.3%) | n.s |
Marihuana | 71 (13.4%) | 69 (14.0%) | 2 (5.7%) | n.s |
Alcohol (> 50 g/day) | 50 (9.4%) | 49 (9.9%) | 1 (2.8%) | n.s |
Go for drugs daily | ||||
The current route of drug administration | ||||
Injected | 177 (33.4%) | 149 (30.2%) | 28 (80.0%) | < 0.001 |
Smoked | 432 (81.6%) | 404 (81.8%) | 28 (80.0%) | n.s |
Snorted | 135 (25.5%) | 130 (26.3%) | 5 (14.3%) | n.s |
Benzodiazepines prescribed | 39 (7.4%) | 35 (7.1%) | 4 (11.4%) | n.s |
Had injected drugs (IDUs) | 254 (49.7%) | 223 (46.8%) | 31 (88.6%) | < 0.001 |
Shared syringes in the previous year | 21 (8.5%) | 17 (7.9%) | 4 (13.3%) | n.s |
Shared paraphernalia in the previous year | 90 (40.4%) | 89 (40.6%) | 1 (25.0%) | n.s |
IDUs active in the previous year | 127 (26.6%) | 118 (26.6%) | 9 (26.5%) | n.s |
Healthcare | ||||
No health insurance | 74 (15.4%) | 67 (14.9%) | 7 (21.9%) | n.s |
Primary care assistance | 138 (26.1%) | 134 (24.1%) | 4 (11.4%) | 0.041 |
Never tested for HIV | 57 (11.6%) | 57 (11.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | n.s |
Last HIV test > 1 year | 124 (34.8%) | 122 (34.7%) | 2 (50.0%) | n.s |
Opioid substitution therapy | 142 (27.7%) | 123 (25.8%) | 19 (54.3%) | < 0.001 |
On psychiatric treatment | 148 (28.9%) | 134 (28.1%) | 14 (41.2%) | n.s |
HCV-related sexual risk behavior | ||||
Stable partner | 204 (46.3%) | 188 (45.6%) | 16 (55.2%) | n.s |
Sexual risk behavior in last year | 57 (19.1%) | 56 (20.3%) | 1 (4.5%) | n.s |
Men who have sex with men | 9 (2.7%) | 7 (2.3%) | 2 (8.3%) | n.s |
Commercial sex work (only women) | 34 (9.6%) | 31 (9.4%) | 3 (12.5%) | n.s |