Skip to main content

Table 3 Prevalence of pvdhfr, pvdhps, pvmdr1, and pvcrt-o haplotypes

From: Polymorphisms of potential drug resistant molecular markers in Plasmodium vivax from China–Myanmar border during 2008‒2017

Gene

Type

Haplotype

Number of haplotypes (%)

2008‒2010

2012‒2015

2016‒2017

Total

pvdhfr

Wild type

 

1 (7.7)

4 (13.3)

23 (16.0)

28 (15.0)

 

Single mutant (a)

58R

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (0.7)

2 (0.5)

 

Single mutant (b)

99S

0 (0)

4 (13.3)

48 (33.3)**

52 (27.8)

 

Single mutant (c)

173F

0 (0)

1 (3.3)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

 

Double mutant

57L/58R

0 (0)

1 (3.3)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

 

Double mutant

58R/117N

1 (7.7)

3 (10.0)

23 (16.0)

27 (14.4)

 

Triple mutant

57L/58R/61M

0 (0)

1 (3.3)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

 

Quadruple mutant (a)

57I/58R/61M/117T

5 (38.5)

9 (30.0)

28 (19.4)

42 (22.5)

 

Quadruple mutant (b)

57L/58R/61M/117T

5(38.5)

7 (23.3)

18 (12.5)*

30 (16.0)

 

Quintuple mutant (a)

49R/57I/58R/61M/117T

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.7)

1 (0.5)

 

Quintuple mutant (b)

49R/57L/58R/61M/117T

1 (7.7)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

pvdhps

Wild type

 

1 (7.7)

1 (3.3)

30 (16.3)

32 (14.1)

 

Single mutant (a)

383G

4 (30.8)

7 (23.3)

63 (34.2)

74 (32.6)

 

Single mutant (b)

553G

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

1 (0.4)

 

Single mutant (c)

626A

0 (0)

3 (10.0)

1 (0.5)

4 (1.8)

 

Single mutant (d)

647S

0 (0)

1 (3.3)

31 (16.8)

32 (14.1)

 

Double mutant (a)

382A/383G

0 (0)

2 (6.7)

0 (0)*

2 (0.9)

 

Double mutant (b)

383G/553G

6 (46.2)

14 (46. 7)

30 (16.3)***

50 (22.0)

 

Double mutant (c)

512E/647S

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

1 (0.4)

 

Double mutant (d)

626A/633S

0 (0)

0 (0)

2 (1.1)

2 (0.9)

 

Triple mutant (a)

372S/626A/647S

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

1 (0.4)

 

Triple mutant (b)

382A/383G/553G

2 (15.4)

1 (3.3)

5 (2.7)

8 (3.5)

 

Triple mutant (c)

383G/512E/553G

0 (0)

1 (3.3)

1 (0.5)

2 (0.9)

 

Quadruple mutant (a)

382C/383G/512E/553G

0 (0)

0 (0)

9 (4.9)

9 (4.0)

 

Quadruple mutant (b)

383G/571Q/639E/640G

0 (0)

0 (0)

9 (4.9)

9 (4.0)

pvmdr1

Wild type

 

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

 

Single mutant (a)

958 M

5 (38.5)

12 (40.0)

39 (20.6)

56 (24.1)

 

Double mutant (a)

958 M/1076L

4 (30.8)

16 (53.3)

143 (75.7)***

162 (69.8)

 

Double mutant (b)

958 M/997R

0 (0)

1 (3.3)

6 (3.2)

7 (3.0)

 

Triple mutant (a)

958 M/976F/1076L

4 (30.8)

1 (3.3)

0 (0)

5 (2.2)

 

Triple mutant (b)

958 M/997R/1076L

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

1 (0.4)

pvcrt-o

Wild type

 

5 (41.7)

18 (62.1)

110 (69.6)

133 (66.8)

 

Single mutant (a)

K10(in)a

6 (50.0)

10 (34.5)

47 (29.8)

63 (31.7)

 

Single mutant (b)

K10(in)/57H

0 (0)

1 (3.5)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

 

Single mutant (c)

K10(in)/19C

1 (5.1)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.5)

 

Single mutant (d)

2I/K10(in)

0 (0)

0 (0)

1 (0.6)

1 (0.5)

  1. The difference in the major haplotypes among three periods of time was calculated by corrected Pearson’s Chi-squared test or Fisher exact test. * P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
  2. a(in) indicates K10 insertion. Pvdhfr, P. vivax dihydrofolate reductase gene; pvdhps, P. vivax dihydropteroate synthase gene; pvmdr1, P. vivax multidrug resistance 1 gene; pvcrt-o, P. vivax chloroquine resistance transporter-o gene
Back to article page

Infectious Diseases of Poverty

ISSN: 2049-9957

Contact us