Table 1 Malaria stages and vector control strategies in China
From: Vector control in China, from malaria endemic to elimination and challenges ahead
Stages of malaria | Approximate number of cases reported | Characteristics | Goal | Role and features of vector control strategies |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Focal investigation and control (1949–1959) | 32 (millions) | Endemic with scarce data | To determine prevalence, parasites and vectors and reduce the mortality and morbidity in focal areas | Baseline surveys of vectors Control trials |
Severe epidemic (1960–1979) | 183 (millions) | Pandemic of vivax malaria in central China | To control the pandemics | Mass IRS with DDT as a core in areas with endophilic, endophagic and anthropophilic vectors Mass IVC supplemented in exophilic, exophagic and zoophilic vectors |
Incidence rate declining (1980–1999) | 13 (millions) | Continuous decline of prevalence | To continue the reduction of transmission | IRS with DDT and ITNs with Pyrethroid insecticides as a core in areas with endophilic, endophagic and anthropophilic vectors IVC supplemented in exophilic, exophagic and zoophilic vectors Reducing breeding sites |
Control/pre-elimination (2000–2009) | 350 (thousands) | Resurgence of vivax malaria in central China | To roll back resurgence and transform control programme to elimination | IRS and ITNs/LLINs with Pyrethroid insecticides as a core in areas with endophilic, endophagic and anthropophilic vectors IVC supplemented in exophilic, exophagic and zoophilic vectors Vector surveillance Larvae control |
Eliminating (2010–2020) | 38 (thousands) | Sporadic transmission and imported infections | To achieve elimination | IRS in Foci and ITNs/LLINs among high risk population with high-efficacy Pyrethroid insecticides as a core in areas with endophilic, endophagic and anthropophilic vectors IVC supplemented in exophilic, exophagic and zoophilic vectors Vector distribution prediction |
Post-elimination (2020-present) | < 1000 (imported cases only) | Risk of re-transmission | To prevent re-transmission caused by imported malaria | IRS in Foci and ITNs/LLINs among high risk population with high-efficacy Pyrethroid insecticides as a core in areas with endophilic, endophagic and anthropophilic vectors IVC supplemented in exophilic, exophagic and zoophilic vectors Corresponding vector control strategy based on risk stratification |